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82 Ralf Steudel 3.1.3 InfraredandRamanSpectraofp-Sulfur................. 96 3.2 AnalysisofQuenchedSulfurMeltsbyHPLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.3 UV-VisSpectroscopyofLiquidSulfur................... 102 3.4 PhotochemistryofLiquidSulfur...................... 105 3.5 ElectricalConductivityofLiquidSulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3.6 PolymerizationTheoriesforLiquidSulfur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 References........................................ 113 List of Abbreviations DSC Differential scanning calorimetry ESR Electron spin resonance HPLC High performance liquid chromatography HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital LUMO Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital MD Molecular dynamics Sp Mixture of soluble sulfur rings excepting S8 Sx Mixture of soluble sulfur rings with x>8 S1 Polymeric sulfur present in liquid sulfur Sm Polymeric sulfur prepared from liquid sulfur 1 Introduction Liquid sulfur is produced industrially on a huge scale: Worldwide ca. 35 mil- lion tonnes are produced annually with an increasing trend. There are only two major processes which yield elemental sulfur: The Claus process in- volves oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur and water while the Frasch process is based on underground sulfur deposits and the application of a so- phisticated mining procedure invented by Hermann Frasch [1]. The latter process is mainly used in the Southern part of the United States of America including off-shore mines. A modified version is applied in Poland. Basical- ly, in the Frasch process the elemental sulfur in underground deposits is melted by pressurized hot water continuously pumped into the well and the generated liquid sulfur is mixed with compressed air and pumped simulta- neously to the surface [2]. The Claus process is applied worldwide since hy- drogen sulfide is a product of the desulfurization of crude oil by catalytic hydrogenation (hydrodesulfurization [HDS] process) which is performed in all oil refineries. Furthermore, H2S is a component of so-called sour gas which is a natural gas containing up to 50% of H2S (sometimes even more). Sour gas is produced in Northern Germany and Western Canada (Alberta), for example. The Claus process consists of two steps: The partial combus-PDF Image | Topics in Current Chemistry
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