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174 Wilfred E. Kleinjan et al. Fig. 3 Electrostatic repulsive (thick line), van der Waals attractive (dotted line) and total (thin line) interaction energies of two approaching spherical particles. Particle radius, R=100 nm; Stern potential, Yd=10 mV; Hamaker constant, A=0.51020 J surface into the solution and can rearrange their position and orientation. The effect of polymer adsorption can be both attractive and repulsive but in most cases the effect is repulsive. Stabilization of colloidal particles by adsorption of an uncharged polymer is called steric stabilization. The two main contributions to this influence are a volume restriction effect and an osmotic effect. The volume restriction effect is caused by the loss of configurational entropy if the adsorbed poly- mer chain is compressed (less possible configurations of the flexible part of the polymer). The osmotic effect is caused by the increase in osmotic pres- sure between two particles if the polymer layers of two particles overlap. This effect depends on the quality of the solvent. In a good solvent polymer segments favor contact with the solvent over contact with other polymer seg- ments which causes repulsion. In a poor solvent, polymer segments favor contact with other polymer segments over contact with the solvent. Apart from polymer adsorption for uncharged macromolecules, charged macromolecules (polyelectrolytes), such as proteins can also adsorb at sur- faces [20, 21]. Adsorption of a charged macromolecule is different from ad- sorption of an uncharged polymer in that there is a high dependency on the salt concentration. At a low salt concentration, repulsive electrostatic forces between charged polymer chains will inhibit formation of loops and tails (Fig. 4). This has been predicted and confirmed, for instance for adsorption of humic acids on iron-oxide particles [22]. 3 Properties of Biologically Produced Sulfur In the last 30 years a significant amount of research has been done on sulfur globules that are stored intracellularly (especially sulfur globules of Al. vinosum and Beggiatoa alba) and that are excreted outside the cell membranePDF Image | Topics in Current Chemistry
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