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Biologically Produced Sulfur 185 Table 3 Grain yield of Breton Canola for different sulfur sources Sulfur source None K2SO4 T90CR S95 Claus sulfur Biosulfur paste Biosulfur powder Grain yield (kg/ha) 14.6 15.9 17.4 18.0 17.1 22.3 19.8 substrate for bacteria [60], which oxidize the sulfur forming sulfuric acid, and thereby decrease the pH. Tich compared the use of sulfur flower with biologically produced sulfur, produced by sulfide oxidation of Thiobacilli under oxygen limitation [61]. He concluded that the hydrophilic properties of biologically produced sulfur have a positive effect in bioleaching because they cause an increase of the rate of sulfuric acid production. Another field in which biologically produced sulfur can be used is in agri- culture. Sulfur is an important nutrient for plants, which can take up sulfur by their leaves from the atmosphere as very reduced (COS, CS2, and H2S) up to highly oxidized compounds (SO2). Most of the sulfur, however, is taken up by plant roots as water-soluble sulfate. Partly due to the decrease in SO2 emissions since the 1970s, there is a widespread sulfur deficiency in soils that are used for cultivation of several highly S-demanding crops, especially oilseed rape and cereals in Denmark, England, F.R.G. and Scotland. In those circumstances additional S feeding is required. First results of studies [62] on the yield of canola showed that the grain yield is higher when biologically produced sulfur is used than when other commercially available sulfur sources were used (Table 3). 6 Conclusions Elemental sulfur produced by sulfur compound oxidizing bacteria (“biosul- fur”) has distinctly different properties than crystalline elemental sulfur. The hydrophilic properties of “biosulfur” are the most striking of these differ- ences. As a result of this, biologically produced sulfur can be dispersed in aqueous solutions, whereas crystalline inorganic sulfur is hydrophobic and will not be wetted by an aqueous solution. The origin of the hydrophilicity of biologically produced sulfur is however not the same for sulfur produced by different bacteria. Intracellularly stored sulfur globules produced by Al. vinosum consist of long sulfur chains termi- nated with organic groups. These organic end groups are likely to be re- sponsible for the hydrophilic character of the sulfur globules. The hydro- philicity of extracellularly stored sulfur globules produced by Ac. ferrooxidans probably can be explained by the vesicle structure consisting mainly of poly-PDF Image | Topics in Current Chemistry
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