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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW nickel-based superalloy is one of the most important inventions for engine industry. The application of nickel-based superalloy can be tracked to World War 2, it has been used in aircraft engines and petroleum industries at that moment [5]. Today, the utilization of nickel-based superalloy has become much wider and it is the main substrate material for state-of-the-art engine turbines. For its composition, nickel-based superalloy is one of the most complex alloys in the world. Such complexity comes from the need to satisfy properties such as oxidation resistance, tensile strength, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, and fatigue life. Thus, various levels of cobalt, chromium, aluminium, and titanium and small amount of boron, zirconium, and hafnium are added into the alloy. Furthermore, other common addition of alloy elements such as molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, and niobium are added to the nickel-based superalloy as well [5]. In the later generation of superalloys, rhenium and ruthenium are also added into the superalloy in order to improve its creep resistance and phase stability [10]. For the phase of Ni-based superalloy, gamma phase (γ) and gamma prime phase (γ’) are the most common phase. Gamma phase is made from FCC structure which contains significant amount of elements such as chromium, tungsten, rhenium, cobalt ruthenium and molybdenum. Gamma prime phase is a precipitated intermetallic phase. For the case of nickel based superalloy, γ’ phase is coherent with γ matrix and form FCC structure. The precipitate is enriched with Page 20PDF Image | Volcanic Ash Degradation on Thermal Barrier Coatings
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