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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW elements such as titanium aluminium and tantalum [10]. Generally speaking, added elements can be categorized as γ and γ’ phase formers. γ formers are the elements which tend to segregate to the matrix γ and stabilized it. On the other hand, γ’ formers are the elements segregates to γ’ precipitate and form an ordered phase like Ni3Al or Ni3Ti. For the trend of single crystal nickel-based superalloy designing, creep resistance becomes much better in 4th and 5th generation superalloys compared with former generation of nickel-based superalloys. However, the oxidation resistance has been sacrificed and which also reveals the importance of thermal barrier coating in aero engine system. 2.1.2 Top Coat The top coat layer is a thermal insulating and strain tolerant ceramic coating with the main purpose being minimizing heat transfer from the combusted gas to the superalloy substrate. For the state-of-the-art TBCs, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is generally used as the top coat material due to its excellent phase stability and low thermal conductivity at elevated temperatures. YSZ provides a low thermal conductivity (2 - 3 W/mK) with the minimum temperature sensitivity among all known ceramics, and good thermal-mechanical compatibility with substrate [11]. Compared with other ceramic materials, the high thermal expansion of YSZ makes it close to the thermal expansion of nickel-based superalloy substrate shown in Figure 2.2 [1,3,11], which may alleviate the stress Page 21PDF Image | Volcanic Ash Degradation on Thermal Barrier Coatings
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