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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW during the cooling stage of a thermal cycle. Also, the growth of TGO may also induce stress, but it is much lower than the stress resulted from the thermal mismatch [31]. For all the compressive stress TGO made, it is the main driving force for the TBC degradation. 2.2 CMASDegradation Calcium-Magnesium-Alumino-Silicates (CMAS) penetration into TBCs is one of the most serious problems for thermal barrier coatings. With further increasing of the operation temperature, CMAS damages to YSZ top coat layer is becoming more apparent and requires the attention of materials scientists. 2.2.1 CMAS Actually, Calcium-Magnesium-Alumino-Silicates (CMAS) is produced from siliceous mineral debris such as dust or volcanic ash. When the engine is in operation, CMAS will be ingested along with air by engines [31-33]. Table2.1 is the compositions of CMAS deposited on different engines, generally, the composition of CMAS depends on the place where engine is being in operation. Thus, the composition of CMAS will be slightly different between one another. Besides CaO, MgO, Al2O3, and SiO2 as shown on the name already, CMAS also contains large amount of Fe2O3 and other metal oxides [32-34]. Because of the variation in composition, the melting point of CMAS is in the range of 1240 - 1260 °C [35]. Page 30PDF Image | Volcanic Ash Degradation on Thermal Barrier Coatings
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