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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW some vertical cracks on TBC columnar gaps and the delamination crack on the upper layer of the top coat. Near point 7 and 10 in Figure 2.9, where it is the less hot area of the pressure side, the surface morphology of CMAS at these points is not as homogeneous as in point 8 and 9. And in the other places, there is no CMAS deposition. In the hot region of the pressure side, the original porous structure of TBCs top coat was filled by molten CMAS and vertical cracks were formed in columnar gaps. Besides, new phases were found in interface no matter in columnar gaps or in the pores inside of TBC columns. The top coat morphology also changed to dense rounded grain as a result of reactions between YSZ and CMAS. According to the literature, the concentration of yttrium inside YSZ decreased to about 1.5 - 2 mol.% from the original 6 - 8 mol.% [36,38]. In CMAS/YSZ interface, besides the tetragonal prime phase of YSZ, the monoclinic phase of ZrO2 was formed, corresponding to the yttrium depletion. For the composition of CMAS, it is really depending on the place where the engine is served for. In service retired hot pressure turbine, anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and monoclinic Fe-bearing diopside-type phase (Al0.6Ca0.96FeO0.51MgO0.44Si1.4O6.12) were found in side of the CMAS deposit. In the area close to the YSZ/CMAS interface, the phase and composition of molten CMAS glass depended on the place where the engine was served at. For instance, tetragonal Ca2Zr5Ti2O16 and fluorite-related superstructure Ca2Zr2Ti4O14 have been found by Vidal-Setif [33], and Ca-Zr-Fe silicate, CaSO4, CaZrO3 and kimzeyite-type garnet phase (Ca,Mg)3(Zr,Ti,Fe)2(Al,Fe,Si) were Page 34PDF Image | Volcanic Ash Degradation on Thermal Barrier Coatings
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