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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW found by Braue [34,47]. All of them are the products of YSZ/CMAS interaction and were observed in different turbine blades. By observing the engine turbine, we can know that the degradation mechanism is highly dependent to its surface temperature [33]. In the hottest area of the pressure side, CMAS degradation is much more severe than other places because its surface temperature is high enough for the CMAS/YSZ reaction to occur. CMAS becomes less active away from the hotter area. 2.3 PreventionofCMASdegradation With the demand of higher engine operating temperature, CMAS degradation is becoming a severe problem for TBCs especially for the engines which are served in sand and ash rich environment [32,48]. Recently, scientists have paid more attention into this inevitable problem and come out with several solutions to mitigate the CMAS attack on YSZ top coat, which can be separated into three categories. First, coating an overlay coating on the YSZ top coat, which can block the pathway for CMAS to penetrate or react with YSZ top coat or it can also be treated as a sacrificial layer [49,50]. The sacrificial layers can catch the CMAS by chemical reaction and some sacrificial layers can also raise the melting temperature of CMAS. The second way is trying to modify the chemical composition of the YSZ top coat. Generally, this is done by doping Al2O3 and TiO2 [38,51]. The third way to reduce the CMAS damage is to make stabilized zirconia Page 35PDF Image | Volcanic Ash Degradation on Thermal Barrier Coatings
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