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CHAPTER 5 CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTECTIVE COATING MATERIALS same with the middle peak, it would be associated with anorhtite sodian. However, it could be considered as labradorite if the middle peak is much stronger than the other two. Except of the transformation of labradorite, FeSi peak was also identified in 490 °C sample. Signals of magnetite were found after 1060 °C thermal exposure. After 1310 °C heat treatment, signals of anorthite were identified by replacing labradorite, and spinel was found in the same XRD pattern. According to literature [38,41,43,49,73], alumina has been widely proved to have a good ability against CMAS and volcanic ash penetration, and it has been fabricated on the top of TBC as a protective coating or doped inside YSZ top coat. In an alumina-rich environment, volcanic ash reacts with alumina forming anorthite, spinel, and magnetite. Besides, the melting points of their reaction products (i.e. anorthite (1553 °C), spinel (2135 °C), magnetite (1538 °C)) are higher than the typical surface temperature of operation jet engine turbine, which is able to prevent the volcanic ash penetration when engine is in operation. By studying the volcanic ash penetration in both YSZ and Al2O3 plates, it can be observed that even though the density of YSZ plate is higher than TBC columns, severe penetration was still happening. It clearly demonstrates that besides the density, the materials chemistry also plays an important role to prevent volcanic ash degradation. During the heat treatment with Al2O3, volcanic ash reacted with Al2O3, and their reaction products (anorthite, spinel and magnetite) were formed in their interface and blocked the pathway for molten Page 74PDF Image | Volcanic Ash Degradation on Thermal Barrier Coatings
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