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Figure 3. Conversion of Lactic Acid into Lactide over Acidic Catalysts (A) Reaction pathways. (B) Different product selectivity over zeolite H-beta with a spatial confinement effect and over Nafion without a confinement effect. but furanic species could undergo a wide range of side reactions over Brønsted acid sites, leading to uncontrolled polymerization and coke formation. The authors used medium-pore zeolite H-ZSM-5 as the catalyst, achieving a >95% selectivity toward acetyl methylfuran isomers without CO2 loss. Such high performance was attributed to the effective stabilization of the transition state by methylfuran over the Brønsted acid site in H-ZSM-5, which significantly reduced the barrier for C–C coupling. In comparison, large-pore zeolite H-beta exhibited much lower reaction activity than H-ZSM-5, suggesting the importance of medium-pore confinement during this reaction. LEWIS ACID CATALYSIS Besides Brønsted acid sites, substituting Si atoms in zeolite frameworks with tetrahe- drally coordinated Ti, Sn, or Zr atoms can produce Lewis acid sites, which can accept electron pairs from guest molecules, facilitating many biomass conversion processes that cannot take place over Brønsted acid sites (Figure 2B).13 For instance, Lewis acidic zeolites can be used to synthesize terephthalic acid, a key monomer in the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate, from biomass-derived molecules. Traditionally, terephthalic acid is produced by oxidation of petroleum-derived p-xylene. Pacheco and Davis14 proposed a strategy to synthesize terephthalic acid from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by using large-pore Lewis acidic zeolites as the catalysts. In particular, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furoic acid derived from partially oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was reacted with high-pressure ethylene over zeolite Sn-beta via Diels-Alder dehydration to produce 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzoic acid 932 Chem 3, 928–949, December 14, 2017PDF Image | Applications of Zeolites in Sustainable Chemistry
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