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Catalyst Reactants Main Products Reference Ti/H-ZSM-5 CO2, H2O CO Tong et al.44 Ni/H-USY CO2, H2O CH4 Westermann et al.45 Cu-ZnO/H-ZSM-5 CO2, H2 CH3OH Ayodele46 Zn/H-ZSM-5 CO2, CH4 CH3COOH Wu et al.47 CuO-ZnO-ZrO2/H-ZSM-5 CO2, H2 CH3OCH3 Frusteri et al.48 Ion-liquid- or amine- functionalized ZSM-5 epoxide cyclic carbonate Sarmah and Srivastava49 (epichlorohydrin) (chloropropyl carbonate) CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/H-beta CO2, H2 CO, C2–C4 Fujiwara et al.50 hydrocarbons Na–Fe3O4/H-ZSM-5; In2O3/H-ZSM-5 CO2, H2 C5+ hydrocarbons Wei et al.,51 Gao et al.52 Table 1. Selected Examples of CO2 Conversion over Zeolite Catalysts 513107 mol m2 s1 Pa1 at –35C, higher than those of all previously reported random-orientation zeolite membranes. Despite these advantages, like all other porous materials, CO2 capture over zeolites under humid conditions is still challenging because of the large dipole moments of H2O. One way to improve the CO2 uptake under humid conditions is to graft functional groups on the surfaces of zeolite pores. For instance, an ethylenedi- amine-grafted zeolite Y was reported to possess excellent CO2 adsorption capa- bility, in which the amine groups could effectively capture CO2 in a wet flue gas, whereas H2O adsorbed by zeolite Y protected the amine groups by suppressing their transformation to urea under desorption conditions.41 Alternatively, molecular simulations indicated that some zeolite framework types, such as AEL and MFI, might have high CO2/H2O selectivity and low H2O uptake because of their predicted peculiar high-temperature adsorption and low-temperature desorption behaviors.42 However, these predictions still need experimental validation. Meanwhile, for future practical CO2 capture from industrial flue gas, the high-temperature CO2 adsorption of zeolites should be further improved. CO2 Conversion Compared with CO2 capture, catalytically converting CO2 into fuels or high-value chemicals is much more eco-friendly and cost effective.43 However, most studies have focused on converting CO2 into short-chain products, such as CO, CH4, CH3OH, CH3COOH, CH3OCH3, and C2–C4 hydrocarbons (Table 1).44–52 Selectively converting CO2 into gasoline-ranged hydrocarbons is still challenging because of the fast hydrogenation of reaction intermediates on the surfaces of conventional catalysts. Combing the high activity of iron-based catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation and the shape selectivity of MFI-type zeolites, Wei et al.51 recently prepared a highly efficient multifunctional Na–Fe3O4/H-ZSM-5 nanocomposite catalyst for the direct conversion of CO2 to gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The multiple active sites in this catalyst enabled a tandem of reactions, including the initial reduction of CO2 to CO over the Fe3O4 sites, the subsequent hydrogenation of CO to olefins over the Fe5C2 sites, and hydrocarbon oligomerization/aromatization/isomerization over the Brønsted acid sites in H-ZSM-5. This catalyst displayed an extremely high selectivity toward C5–C11 hydrocarbons up to 78% and only 4% toward CH4 at a CO2 conversion of 22% under industrially relevant conditions. More importantly, it exhibited a remarkable stability for 1,000 hr on stream, showing its potential to be an industrial catalyst for CO2 conversion to liquid fuels. Meanwhile, Gao et al.52 940 Chem 3, 928–949, December 14, 2017PDF Image | Applications of Zeolites in Sustainable Chemistry
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