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SUMMARY Around the world significant steps are being taken to move from today’s fossil based economy to a more sustainable economy based on biomass. The transition to a bio-based economy has multiple drivers: • the need to develop an environmentally, economically and socially sustainable global economy, • the anticipation that oil, gas, coal and phosphorus will reach peak production in the not too distant future and that prices will climb, • the desire of many countries to reduce an over dependency on fossil fuel imports, so the need for countries to diversify their energy sources, • the global issue of climate change and the need to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, • and the need to stimulate regional and rural development. One of the key institutions to accommodate this transition is the IEA Bioenergy Implementation Agreement. Within IEA Bioenergy, Task 42 specifically focuses on Biorefineries; e.g. the co-production of fuels, chemicals, (combined heat &) power and materials from biomass. A key factor in the realisation of a successful bio-based economy will be the development of biorefinery systems allowing highly efficient and cost effective processing of biological feedstocks to a range of bio-based products, and successful integration into existing infrastructure. Although global bio-based chemical and polymer production is estimated to be around 50 million tonnes, the historic low price of fossil feedstocks together with optimized production processes has restricted commercial production of bio-based products. The recent climb in oil prices and consumer demand for environmentally friendly products has now opened new windows of opportunity for bio-based chemicals and polymers. Industry is increasingly viewing chemical and polymer production from renewable resources as an attractive area for investment. Within the bio-based economy and the operation of a biorefinery there are significant opportunities for the development of bio-based building blocks (chemicals and polymers) and materials (fibre products, starch derivatives, etc). In many cases this happens in conjunction with the production of bioenergy or biofuels. The production of bio-based products could generate US$ 10-15 billion of revenue for the global chemical industry. Within IEA Bioenergy Task 42 “Biorefinery” a biorefinery classification method for biorefinery systems was developed. This classification approach relies on four main features which are able to classify and describe a biorefinery system: 1. Platforms (e.g. core intermediates such as C5 -C6 carbohydrates, syngas, lignin, pyrolytic liquid) 2. Products (e.g. energy carriers, chemicals and material products) 3. Feedstock (i.e. biomass, from dedicated production or residues from forestry, agriculture, aquaculture and other industry and domestic sources) 4. Processes (e.g. thermochemical, chemical, biochemical and mechanical processes) The platforms are the most important feature in this classification approach: they are key intermediates between raw materials and final products, and can be used to link different biorefinery concepts and target markets. The platforms range from single carbon molecules such as biogas and syngas to a mixed 5 and 6 carbon carbohydrates stream derived from hemicelluloses, 6 carbon carbohydrates derived from starch, sucrose (sugar) or cellulose, lignin, oils (plant- based or algal), organic solutions from grasses and pyrolytic liquids. These primary platforms can be converted to wide range of marketable products using mixtures of thermal, biological and chemical processes. In this report a direct link is made between the different platforms and the resulting biobased chemicals. The economic production of biofuels is often a challenge. The co- production of chemicals, materials food and feed can generate the necessary added value. This report highlights all bio-based chemicals with immediate potential as biorefinery ‘value added products’. The selected products are either demonstrating strong market growth or have significant industry investment in development and demonstration programmes. The report introduces companies actively developing bio-based chemicals and polymers and provides Information on potential greenhouse gas emission savings and how the co-production of bio-based chemicals with biofuels can influence the economics of biofuels production. 1. INTRODUCTION The production of bio-based chemicals is not new, nor is it an historic artefact. Current global bio-based chemical and polymer production (excluding biofuels) is estimated to be around 50 million tonnes (1). Notably examples of bio-based chemicals include non-food starch, cellulose fibres and cellulose derivatives, tall oils, fatty acids and fermentation products such as ethanol and citric acid. However, the majority of organic chemicals and polymers are still derived from fossil based feedstocks, predominantly oil and gas. Non-energy applications account for around 9% of all fossil fuel (oil, gas, coal) use and 16% of oil products (2). Global petrochemical production of chemicals and polymers is estimated at around 330 million tonnes. Primary output is dominated by a small number of key building blocks, namely methanol, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylene. These building blocks are mainly converted to polymers and plastics but they are also converted to a staggering number of different fine and specialty chemicals with specific functions and attributes. From a technical point of view almost all industrial materials made from fossil resources could be substituted by their bio-based1 counterparts (111). However the cost of bio-based production in many cases exceeds the cost of petrochemical production. Also new products must be proven to perform at least as good as the petrochemical equivalent they are substituting and to have a lower environmental impact. 1 Bio-based products – chemicals and materials (pre-norm CEN/BT/WG 209: “biobased product = product wholly or partly bio-based (=”derived from biomass”)”) include all kind of bio-based chemicals, bio-based plastics and additives – biodegradable and durable, bio-composites like wood plastics composites and natural fibres reinforced plastics and insulation material, and also the traditional products of the timber industry. Bio-based products are used in construction & insulation, packaging, automotive and consumer goods (111). 2PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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