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Historically bio-based chemical producers have targeted high value fine or speciality chemicals markets, often where specific functionality played an important role. The low price of crude oil acted as barrier to bio-based commodity chemical production and producers focussed on the specific attributes of bio-based chemicals such as their complex structure to justify production costs. The recent climb in oil prices, the consumer demand for environmentally friendly products, population growth and limited supplies of non-renewable resources have now opened new windows of opportunity for bio-based chemicals and polymers. Industry is increasingly viewing chemical and polymer production from renewable resources as an attractive area for investment. However, not only the price of oil and consumer demand is acting as drivers in these areas. Emerging economies such as the BRIC countries require increasing amounts of oil and other fossil based products, and are creating a more competitive marketplace. Also, security of supply is an important driver in biobased products as well as bio-energy. One reason why the chemical industry in more isolated areas such as Ireland never really became economic was due to the need to import chemical components and additives. Island economies may be scaled up to global economies if the chemical feedstocks are available within a reasonable geographic region. Biomass possesses this inherent possibility. Around the world small but discernable steps are being taken to move from today’s fossil based economy to a more sustainable economy based on greater use of renewable resources. The transition to a bio-based economy has multiple drivers: an over dependency of many countries on fossil fuel imports, the anticipation that oil, gas, coal and phosphorus will reach peak production in the not too distant future; the need for countries to diversify their energy sources, the global issue of climate change and the desire to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, and the need to stimulate regional and rural development (3, 4, 5). Bio-based products (chemicals, materials) can be produced in single product processes; however, the production in integrated biorefinery processes producing both bio-based products and secondary energy carriers (fuels, power, heat), in analogy with oil refineries, probably is a more efficient approach for the sustainable valorisation of biomass resources in a future biobased economy (6, 7). Biorefining can also be integrated with food or feed production, as is the case with first generation ethanol production. However, the main driver for the development and implementation of biorefinery processes today is the transportation sector. Significant amounts of renewable fuels are necessary in the short and midterm to meet policy regulations both in- and outside Europe. Biofuels have to fill in a large fraction of this demand, specifically for heavy duty road transport and in the aviation sector where biofuels are the only reasonable alternative. Both conventional (ethanol, biodiesel) and advanced biofuels (lignocellulosic methanol, ethanol, butanol, Fischer-Tropsch-diesel/kerosine, ...) generally cannot be produced in a profitable way at current crude oil prices. This implicates that they only can enter the market if they are forced to (governmental regulation) or if significant financial support is provided (tax reduction). This artificial market will not be a long lasting one. A significant reduction in biofuel production costs is required to create a sustainable market. A very promising approach to reduce biofuel production costs is to use so called biofuel-driven biorefineries for the co-production of both value-added products (chemicals, materials, food, feed) and biofuels from biomass resources in a very efficient integrated approach. 2. BIOREFINERIES AND THE BIO-BASED ECONOMY Figure 1. An example of a Bio-based products value chain (source World Economic Forum, The Future of Industrial Biorefineries (7)) which is a general illustration of an agriculture feedstock based biorefinery that is built around biochemical conversion technologies. 3PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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