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4. POTENTIAL CHEMICALS AND POLYMERS FROM BIOREFINERY PLATFORMS 4.1 Syngas Platform Synthesis gas (syngas) is a mixture of mainly carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is produced by subjecting biomass to extreme heat (over 430 ̊C/860 ̊F) in the presence of oxygen or air in a process known as gasification. After cleaning, the syngas can be used to produce power or can be converted into lower alcohols, fuel (e.g. Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and chemical products (83). Syngas can also be fermented to give methanol, ethanol, ammonia and potentially other chemical building blocks (12). Promising syngas derived chemicals: Methanol DME (dimethylether) Ethanol Fischer-Tropsch diesel 4.2 Biogas Platform Currently, biogas production is mainly based on the anaerobic digestion of “high moisture content biomass” such as manure, waste streams from food processing plants or biosolids from municipal effluent treatment systems. Biogas production from energy crops will also increase and will have to be based on a wide range of crops that are grown in versatile, sustainable crop rotations. In addition, more by-products from the agricultural, food and energy industry need to be integrated. Anaerobic digestion results in the formation of methane that is typically scrubbed and used for its energetic value, and solid and liquid digestate. Biogas production can be part of sustainable biochemicals and biofuels-based biorefinery concepts as it can derive value from wet streams. Value can be increased by optimizing methane yield and economic efficiency of biogas production (84), and deriving nutrient value from the digestate streams. 4.3 C6 and C6/C5 Sugar Platform Six carbon sugar platforms can be accessed from sucrose or through the hydrolysis of starch or cellulose to give glucose. Glucose serves as feedstock for (biological) fermentation processes providing access to a variety of important chemical building blocks. Glucose can also be converted by chemical processing to useful chemical building blocks. Mixed six and five carbon platforms are produced from the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses. The fermentation of these carbohydrate streams can in theory produce the same products as six carbon sugar streams; however, technical, biological and economic barriers need to be overcome before these opportunities can be exploited. Chemical manipulation of these streams can provide a range of useful molecules. Fermentation Products The number of chemical building blocks accessible through fermentation is considerable. Fermentation has been used extensively by the chemical industry to produce a number of products with chemical production through fermentation starting around the turn of the 20th century. Around 8 million tonnes of fermentation products are currently produced annually (8). • Fermentation derived fine chemicals are largely manufactured from starch and sugar (wheat, corn, sugarcane etc.) • The global market for fermentation derived fine chemicals in 2009 was $16 billion and is forecasted to increase to $22 billion by 2013 (119), see Table 1. Table 1. Global market for fermentation derived fine chemicals (119). Chemical 2009 $ millions 2013 $ millions Amino Acids 5,410 7,821 Enzymes 3,200 4,900 Organic Acids (Lactic Acid 20%) 2,651 4,036 Vitamins and related compounds 2,397 2,286 Antibiotics 1,800 2,600 Xanthan 443 708 Total 15,901 22,351 Modern biotechnology is allowing industry to target new and previously abandoned fermentation products and improve the economics of products with commercial potential. Coupled with increasing fossil feedstock costs, cost reductions in the production of traditional fermentation products, such as ethanol and lactic acid, will allow derivative products to capture new or increased market shares. Improving cost structures will also allow previously abandoned products such as butanol to re-enter the market. Many see the future abundant availability of carbohydrates derived from lignocellulosic biomass as the main driver. However, carbohydrate costs are increasing strongly in recent years and their use for non-food products is under pressure even in China. Fermentation also gives the industry access to new chemical building blocks previously inaccessible due to cost constraints. The development of cost effective fermentation processes to succinic, itaconic and glutamic acids promises the potential for novel chemical development. Innovative fermentation products: Succinic acid Itaconic acid Adipic acid 3-Hydroxypropionic acid / aldehyde Isoprene/farnesene Glutamic acid Aspartic acid Chemical transformation products Six and five carbon carbohydrates can undergo selective dehydration, hydrogenation and oxidation reactions to give useful products, such as: sorbitol, furfural, glucaric acid, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and levulinic acid. Over 1 million tonnes of sorbitol is produced per year as a food ingredient, personal care ingredient (e.g. toothpaste), and for industrial use (9, 82). 6PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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