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6.2 Integration with biodiesel production The BIOREF-INTEG study considered the integration of chemical production with biodiesel production on the basis of upgrading the glycerol co-product to either epichlorohydrin or 1,3-propanediol, see Figure 6. A reference plant processing 300 tonnes per day of crude rapeseed oil was considered (Figure 5). In the reference scenario the required sale price of biodiesel, in order for the plant to generate an IRR of 20%, was €765 per tonne. The integration of biodiesel with epichlorohydrin production resulted in a slightly reduced biodiesel sale price of €735 per tonne. The integration with 1,3-propanediol resulted in an increase in biodiesel sales price of €815 per tonne. The difference in economic impacts can be explained by the modelled yield efficiencies for glycerol to epichlorohydrin and 1,3- propanediol. While 35 tonnes for glycerol yields 27 tonnes of epichlorohydrin the same quantity of glycerol was only modelled to yield 14 tons of 1,3-propanediol. Improvements in the efficiency of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol fermentation or finding a value for the “yield difference” would improve the economics of both the fermentation process and the integrated biorefinery (123). The results for the BioRef study indicate that the biorefinery configurations need to be analysed in order to draw conclusions as to their financial viability. Concluding that a bio- based chemical can be as or more competitive than its petroleum based counterpart is not possible without an analysis of the biorefinery configuration (21). Although the production of many bio-based chemicals and materials is technically possible at lab and even pilot scales, a smaller number will actually be commercialised. The key criteria (market and technology) considered for commercialisation are outlined in the box below. Market assessment Market fundamentals (local, regional, global) Feedstock availability and price Product profitability Competitive nature of market Need for partnerships Downstream development opportunities Technology assessment Commercial experience Necessary capital investment Process complexity Access to technology Environmental considerations Once commercialised a product needs to capture market share in order for production to expand. Establishing a market is considerably easier for recognised materials, innovative materials will require time for supply chain participants and downstream processors to adapt equipment and processes. For example a new plastic will typically take 2-3 years to establish early applications, 2-6 years could be required to develop a platform position and over 6 years is typically required to achieve large scale production (22). A plastic with a technical function and complex supply chain could take 20-40 years to achieve production scales over 100,000 tonnes. The easiest market entrance will be for the so called “drop-in” biobased chemicals such as ethylene, propylene and p-xylene. For these chemicals only price and environmental footprint are relevant. They can be processed in available infrastructure and substantial markets are already established. Another point of consideration is the use of ‘clip-on’ technologies. These ‘clip-on’ technologies may consist of processes, or components, that were originally designed for a biorefinery. However, an existing producer of biobased chemicals may find it uneconomic to change the technology before full depreciation of the plant and equipment, and it may be argued that to abandon extant plant and machinery is not sustainable. One approach may be to implement elements of biorefinery technology as required, and dictated, by ‘market forces’. An example of this would be the production of carbohydrates from lignocellulose. It may now be economic for such industries to invest in a pretreatment technology to produce carbohydrates for processing within existing infrastructure. A variety of viable technologies now exists in this area and is becoming economically realistic due to changes in feedstock prices and availability. Figure 6. Integrated biodiesel and epichlorohydrin production. 12 7. PRODUCT COMMERCIALISATIONPDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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