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Figure 8. Ethylene value chain. 9.2 C2 containing compounds Ethyle ne Ethylene is the basis for a range of high volume plastics including polyethylenes (high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), see Figure 8. Global ethylene production was 109 million tonnes in 2006 and growing at 4.5% (17). Ethylene can be readily produced through the dehydration of bioethanol or through the cracking of bionaphtha. Bionaphtha is produced during the processing of renewable feedstocks in processes such as Fischer Tropsch fuel production; it comprises of molecules with a carbon chain length ranging from about C5 to C9. Global ethanol production has been expanded rapidly due to the global demand for biofuels. The leading producers of bioethanol are the USA and Brazil. The vapour phase dehydration of ethanol at 400oC gives ethylene with >99% conversion and >99% selectivity. The production of 1 tonne of ethylene requires 1.7 tonnes of ethanol. Given the large world scale of ethylene plants (>300,000 tonnes) a single ethylene plant would be a considerable consumer of ethanol. The largest consumer of ethylene is polyethylene e.g. HDPE and LDPE. In 2010 the Brazilian chemical producer Braskem commissioned a 200,000 tonnes capacity plant to produce polyethylene from sugar cane derived ethanol. The American chemical giant DOW has also announced plans for a 350,000 tonnes ethanol to ethylene plant in Brazil. Braskem Braskem is the largest chemical producer in the Americas and a global leader in polypropylene production. In 2007 they launched a bio-based polyethylene produced from sugar cane derived ethanol. The launch was followed by the construction of a 200,000 tonnes capacity plant in Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul costing R$500 million (~$300 million). The plant will produce a wide range of HDPE and LLDPE grades. Braskem LCA studies show that 2.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide are sequestered for every 1 tonne of polyethylene produced. Braskem are now supplying to a range of companies including Procter and Gamble, TetraPak and Johnson and Johnson. http://www.braskem.com/plasticoverde/EN_HOME.html A further significant use of ethylene is in the production of mono ethylene glycol (MEG), see below. A further 12% of ethylene production is converted to ethylene dichloride for use in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In 2007 Solvay Inupta PVC announced plans to produced 60,000 tonnes of ethylene from sugar cane for conversion to bio-based PVC (45). Mono-Ethyleneglycol (MEG) MEG is co-polymerised with terephthalic acid to produce poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET) commonly used for production of plastic bottles and textile fibres. The production of MEG from renewable resources has allowed several companies to use bio-based PET in product packaging. Coca Cola and Danone are using bio-based PET in their Dasani and Volvic bottled water ranges (42) (43). India Glycols Ltd. is making bio-derived ethylene glycol for incorporation into PET. The car manufacturer Toyota is intending to use bio-based PET is in its car production (see box). Teijin Fibers have announced their plans to produce 30,000 tonnes for bio-based PET fibre and textile in 2012, their intention is to increase production to 70,000 tonnes by 2015 (44). 16PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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