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More than 4.5 million metric tonnes of solvents is used in the United States annually, and it has been suggested by industry experts that ethyl lactate could replace conventional solvents in more than 80% of these applications. However, it has to be taken into account that the boiling point for ethyl lactate is at 151- 155°C and therefore much higher than for most fossil based solvents. Consequently the application of ethyl lactate as solvent can involve a re- design of products (e.g. paint, glue etc.) and might encounter specific problems for instance drying time for specific applications. Therefore ethyl lactate is not a classical “drop-in” bulk chemical because its application is dependent on industry cooperation in order to adopt existing product formulation for replacing petrochemical solvents. From the chemical industry perspective this substitution is often seen as complicated as the development of a new product. Vertec BioSolvents, Inc. offers a full line of bio-based solvents derived from renewable resources and solvent blends that provide high performance as formulating ingredients, carrier solvents and/or cleaning solvents. The main ingredient in most blended products is VertecBioTM EL Ethyl Lactate, an ester solvent derived from corn which has excellent solvating ability for many resins, pigments, gums, soils, greases, etc. In most applications, however, performance can be enhanced by the addition of co-solvents and/or other ingredients. As a formulating ingredient, EL and its blends provide high solvating capacity, thus enabling production of concentrated or high-solids products. As cleaning solvents, they are very effective against a wide variety of contaminants (90). Applications targeted by Vertec Biosolvents include conventional solvents that are under environmental scrutiny such as methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, and N-methyl pyrrolidone (89). Propylene Glycol (1,2-Propanediol) Propylene glycol has a range of uses, including industrial applications such as unsaturated polyester resins, coolants and antifreeze, hydraulic and brake fluid, aircraft de-icing fluid, heat transfer fluids, paints and coatings. There is a market for higher grade material in fragrance, cosmetics and personal care applications, food and flavourings, pet food/animal feed and in pharmaceutical formulations, see Figure 9. Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) ADM are building on their position as global leader in agricultural processing. Under the brand Evolution ChemicalsTM, they are developing a chemical portfolio based on renewable raw materials. ADM have commissioned a propylene glycol plant with an annual production capacity of 100,000 tonnes. The plant will produce both industrial and USP grades for use in a range of applications. The feedstock for the process is glycerol derived from soybean or canola. ADM life cycle analysis of their propylene glycol shows an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when compared with petrochemical based production. Alternative feedstocks for propylene glycol production include sorbitol and dextrose. http://www.adm.com/en- US/products/evolution/Pages/default.aspx 1,3 Propanediol In 2004 the chemical producer DuPont formed a joint venture with agriculture products company Tate & Lyle (31). The joint venture, DuPont Tate & Lyle BioProducts, has successfully commercialised the production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO) from renewable resources under the trade names Susterra® and Zemea®. Susterra® PDO is targeted at industrial application while Zemea® is aimed at the personal care sector. DuPont Tate & Lyle BioProducts operate a 45,000 tonne capacity production plant in Loudon, Tennessee, US and recently announced their intention to increase capacity by 35% (32). Susterra® PDO has been used in a range of products from textiles to coatings and engineering plastics. Susterra® PDO is co-polymerised with terephthalic acid to produce poly(trimethylene) terephthalate (PTT) sold by DuPont under the trade name Sorona® (33). Sorona® PTT has been targeted at clothing, carpet and automotive textile markets. CerenolTM polyols based on PDO can be used in variety of applications from personal care and functional fluids to performance coating and elastomers (34). The French company Metabolic Explorer (35) have announced the construction of a bio-based 1,3-propanediol plant in South East Asia. With an initial capacity of 8,000 tonnes the plant is expected to have a final capacity of 50,000 tonnes (36). Figure 9. Market breakdown for propylene glycol. 18PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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