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Epichlorohydrin With a market size of 1.3 million tonnes, epichlorohydrin is predominately used in the production of epoxy resins (76%) (37) and other resins and polymers (38). Niche applications include paper reinforcement e.g. tea bags and coffee filters and water treatment. Global epichlorohydrin consumption is expected to grow at 6% per year out to 2015 with the largest growth seen in Asia (38) (39). Solvay (see box) and a number of chemical producers including Zeachem, Spolchemie and DOW (40) are working to commercialise bio-based epichlorohydrin (41). Solvay Chlorinated Organics Solvay is the world’s 4th largest producer of epichlorohydrin. They have developed their Epicerol® process to convert glycerol to epichlorohydrin. A 10,000 tonne demonstration plant has been operating in Tavaux, France since 2007. Solvay life cycle analysis shows a 20% reduction in CO2 emissions along with a 50% reduction in non renewable feedstock requirement. The process reduces the requirement for chlorine and subsequently creates less chlorinated by products than the petrochemical process. The development of a production plant with a 100,000 tonne capacity is underway. Based in Map Ta Phut in Thailand the plant will be owned by Vinythai and is expected to be on stream in 2011. http://www.solvaychlorinatedorganics.com/info/0,0,1000574- EN,00.html Isopropanol Isopropanol production via fermentation (131) and its conversion into propylene (132) have been reported by Mitsui Chemicals, INC. n-Propanol Recently a Braskem patent was published (88) which describes the fermentative production of n-propanol and the subsequent dehydration into propylene. Table 10. Market potential of acrylic acid and main derivates. BIOBASED PRODUCT Acrylic Acid Acrylonitrile Acrylamide Propylene Global propylene demand is approximately 50 million tonnes. It is used predominately in the production of polypropylene (60% of propylene demand) but is also consumed in propylene oxide, acrylontrile, acrylic acid and butanol production. Various routes have been suggested for bio-based propylene production (63). Table 9. Suggested routes biobased propylene. Raw Material Process Ethanol Ethanol is readily produced from carbohydrates. Dehydration of ethanol gives ethylene which can be dimerised to give butenes. In a metathesis reaction butene and ethylene can be reacted to give propylene Butanol Butanol can be produced by fermentation of carbohydrates or via the production of syngas by biomass gasification. Dehydration of butanol gives butene which can then be reacted with ethylene in a metathesis reaction to give propylene Propane Propane produced as a by-product of biodiesel production can be dehydrogenated to propylene Vegetable oil Vegetable oil can be converted to propylene by catalytic cracking Methanol Gasification of biomass gives syngas which can be reduced to methanol. Propylene can be produced using methanol to olefins technology. Braskem/Toyota Tsusho strategic partnership has recently announced their plans to jointly set-up a sugarcane-derived bio- polypropylene plant in Brazil. This first of its kind bio-PP plant with output capacity of more than 30,000 t/y and at a cost of about $100 million aims for startup as early as in 2013. Mitsubishi Chemical is developing a new technology in which ethylene or ethanol is converted to propylene directly. Crude ethylene produced by ethane cracker or bio-ethanol is applicable as a raw material. Many patents arguing the modified specific zeolite catalyst and a very unique re-generation of deactivated catalyst have been filed. (Mitsubishi Chemical, WO07/114195). CLASSIFICATIONS Adhesives, polymers Polymers Resins MARKET OPPORTUNITY Acrylates (e.g., coatings, adhesives), comonomer, superabsorbent polymers, detergent polymers Acrylic fibers (carpets, clothing), acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene and styrene- acrylonitrile (pipes and fittings, automobiles, furniture, packaging), nitrile rubber copolymers, adiponitrile, acrylamide Polyacrylamide, comonomers (styrenebutadiene latex, acrylic resins, and many others) MARKET SIZE Markets for acrylic acid derivatives in the previous column are 2 billion pounds per year, at a market price of $0.48 per pound. Markets for acrylonitrile derivatives in the previous column are 3.13 billion pounds per year, at a market price of $0.31 to $0.37 per pound. Markets for acrylamide derivatives in the previous column are 206 million pounds per year, at a market price of $1.76 to $1.86 per pound. 19PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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