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10. DISCUSSION The continued development of bio-based chemicals and polymers in biorefinery complexes will lead to new feedstock demands, new technology development and new economic opportunities. Although it is difficult to predict which biorefinery model and bio-based chemical targets may ultimately be successful, the current level of research and industrial activity is very encouraging for the sector as a whole. The integration of bio-based chemical production with biofuel production in a biofuel-driven biorefinery or with pulp production in a paper mill will be dependent on a number of factors including the fit with biorefinery business plan, technology and feedstock fit with the biorefinery, the capital cost of integration versus stand alone chemical production and the biorefinery location and local chemical market dynamics. The development of a more biobased economy, where biomass replaces traditional sources of feedstock, will incrementally grow in size and complexity. The opportunities are not always clear if all aspects of sustainability are considered. The emergence of policies to promote the use of a given percentage of liquid biofuels e.g. EU 10% by 2020 ensures a market for a product leading to the execution of easiest to implement technologies. This may not always be a good thing, especially if routes to production and sustainability are not well defined or policed. Table 11. SWOT-analysis biorefineries. Strengths • Adding value to the use of biomass • Maximising biomass conversion efficiency minimising raw material requirements • Production of a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, materials, chemicals) and bioenergy (fuels, power and/or heat) feeding entire bioeconomy • Strong knowledge infrastructure available to tackle technical and non-technical issues • Biorefinery is not new, it builds on agriculture, food and forestry industries • Stronger focus on drop-in chemicals facilitating market penetration Opportunities • Biorefineries can make a significant contribution to sustainable development • Challenging national and global policy goals, international focus on sustainable use of biomass for the production of bioenergy • International consensus on the fact that biomass availability is limited meaning that raw materials should be used as efficiently as possible – i.e. development of multi-purpose biorefineries in a framework of scarce raw materials and energy • International development of a portfolio of biorefinery concepts, including technical processes • Strengthening of the economic position of various market sectors (e.g. agriculture, forestry, chemical and energy) • Strong demand from brand owners for biobased chemicals This paper highlights the many opportunities available in the Biobased Economy where biofuels are a co-product rather than the main driver. It is recommended that a true valuation be placed on biomass for future use. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, as well as the other components of plants, are valuable assets and we should examine the opportunities available to maximise the economic, environmental and social benefits of a variety of pathways to their use. It is further recommended that a meta analysis of published data on Biofuels and Biobased chemicals is undertaken. Many opportunities exist at present but thorough comparisons are lacking. If we are to avoid the fall and rise of biobased products because of hyperbole and lack of analysis then a roadmap to the most sustainable technologies must be developed. An example of this could be the emergence of a technology for production of glucose from cellulose without the requirement of enzymatic hydrolysis. If this is implemented commercially then many enzyme companies may lose very large investments and companies in the fermentation industry may have a portion of their technologies become redundant. It must be noted that this is a hypothetical example. Weaknesses • Broad undefined and unclassified area • Involvement of stakeholders for different market sectors (agriculture, forestry, energy, chemical) over full biomass value chain necessary • Most promising biorefinery processes/concepts not clear • Most promising biomass value chains, including current/future market volumes/prices, not clear • Studying and concept development instead of real market implementation • Variability of quality and energy density of biomass Threats • Economic change and volatility in fossil fuel prices • Fast implementation of other renewable energy technologies feeding the market requests • Bio-based products and bioenergy are assessed to a higher standard than traditional products (no level playing field) • Availability and contractibility of raw materials (e.g. climate change, policies, logistics) • (High) investment capital for pilot and demo initiatives difficult to find, and undepreciated existing industrial infrastructure • Changing governmental policies • Questioning of food/feed/fuels (indirect land use competition) and sustainability of biomass production • Goals of end users often focused on single product 27PDF Image | Bio-based Chemicals Value Added Products from Biorefineries
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