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MOTIVATION, CHALLENGES, OUTLOOK on the part of the oil-producing nations, the price had fallen to US$ 30 per barrel by the beginning of 2016. At the time of writing, the price has ris- en again to around US$ 50, partly in response to a consensus among OPEC member countries to reduce output levels of crude oil. Over the long-term however, it seems clear that prices for fossil raw materials will increase. In an attempt to reduce the quantities of fossil resources used, and so become less dependent on raw material suppliers, and to avoid the planning uncertainty described above, the chemical industry is currently evaluating the possibility of using carbon dioxide as a source of carbon. After all, CO2 is produced in large quantities in power plants and industrial facilities, as well as in biogas plants, breweries and waste incinerators. And so the question automatically arises: Can CO2 replace crude oil in the future? 1.1.1.1.2 Climate change and political goals Another reason for utilising CO2 as a raw material for chemical synthesis is anthropogenic climate change. Climate scientists on the Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) not only agree, but they have also convinced the global community that current changes to the Earth’s climate are principally attributable to emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere has risen from around 280 ppm to 400 ppm causing significant changes to the climate with devastating consequences for many regions of the planet. In order to counter further climate change and to maintain current living conditions for humankind, it is necessary to drastically reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The major goal is to restrict any increase in the global average temper- ature to less than 2 °C. In December 2015 at the COP21 (UN Climate Con- ference – Conference of the Parties) in Paris, the 195 member countries of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) pledged to take significant steps to achieve the two-degree climate target by the 2100 horizon. The agreement came into force on 14 November 2016. The measures to be introduced will be flexible and will take account of the circumstances of the different countries.III Post-COP21 strategies Fig. 3: The consequences of climate change: Increased levels of drought, flooding and storms (Source: Thinkstock) 15PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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