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need for new energy storage concepts that will be able to compensate for the weather-dependent and time-dependent fluctuations in electric power de- rived from wind and solar sources. CO2 utilisation can help to couple these different sectors. (For more information, please refer to the sections dealing with chemical energy storage systems.) 1.1.1.2 CO2 utilisation: Concepts and product portfolio The portfolio of products and services relating to CO2 utilisation is very complex. On the one hand, CO2 can be used directly, for example as an inert gas in packaging. But it can also undergo chemical conversion in which it is transformed into other materials via chemical synthesis or biotechnologi- cal processes. CO2 is suitable for use as a raw material for the production of speciality chemicals or primary chemical products (often referred to as bulk chemicals), but it can also be used in manufacturing products ranging from special plastics to fuels or construction materials. The specific benefits and the motivation for utilising CO2 varies from application to application and from process to process. Making physical use of CO2 as a gas is already well known and there are already a large number of established processes in which CO2 is used in this way on the industrial scale. However, making use of CO2 in this manner does not necessarily lead to any reduction in CO2 emissions. Although applications that exploit the physical properties of CO2 do not require large amounts of energy, the CO2 is immediately emitted after use and the potential emissions savings that can be achieved via these physical applications are no- tably limited. Some of the physical properties of CO2 make it particularly well suited for certain applications. Reducing consumption of fossil raw materials or mitigating CO2 emissions are not usually the motivation behind applica- tions that exploit the physical properties of CO2. However, if CO2 has to be ‘produced’ especially for such applications, it is worth examining whether use can be made of more sustainable sources of CO2 that already exist. The situation is quite different in the case of the chemical utilisation of CO2. In this case, the CO2 undergoes chemical conversion, reacting with other molecules to yield useful products. It is important to note, however, that in most situations a substantial amount of energy is necessary in order to chemically convert the CO2. For environmental reasons, it is essential that the energy used in these chemical conversion processes comes from renewable sources. Carbon dioxide is also a relatively chemically inert molecule and therefore needs to be activated by means of catalysts, which can be thought of as a kind of chemical ‘marriage broker’. The objective is to achieve CO2 fixation in usable higher value products, thus promoting not only environ- mental sustainability but economic benefits as well. The period of CO2 fixa- tion corresponds to the life cycle of the product. Extreme cases are transport MOTIVATION, CHALLENGES, OUTLOOK 17PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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