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ter, the water is split into H2 and oxygen (O2) (Equation (x)). Electrolysis re- quires substantial amounts of energy and for reasons of sustainability this electrical energy must be generated from renewable sources. A number of process design concepts propose making use of the fluctuating levels of ex- cess electricity from renewable sources. Electrolysis: 3 H2O + e- ➞ 3 H2 + 1,5 O2 (289.5 kJ/Mol) H2 and CO2 can be converted to produce a mixture of the gases CO and H2 (syngas) via the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS), with water pro- duced as a by-product. Reverse Water-gas-shift reaction: CO2 + 3 H2 CO + 2 H2 + H2O The term Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT synthesis) refers to a number of re- actions in which synthesis gas from carbonaceous resources (coal, natural gas, crude oil and biomass) is converted into hydrocarbons of different chain lengths. F-T synthesis is the final stage in the chain of processes utilising CO2 in the production of synthetic fuels. The process, which was discovered by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in 1925, was used principally to convert coal into liquid products. It was deployed in the Second World War in Germany to maintain the supply of fuel. At a time in which natural gas is becoming increasingly scarce and more expensive, the FT process offers a means of converting synthesis gas to petrol, diesel, kerosene and other hydrocarbon products for the chemical industry. The FT reaction is shown schematically in Equation (x): FT-synthesis: n CO + 2n H2 ➞ -(CH2)n- + n H2O (x) The Dresden-based company sunfire is using this synthetic route to produce fuels for cars, ships and planes as well as other chemicals from CO2, water and renewable energy. As part of a BMBF-funded project of the same name, sunfire has built a pilot plant in Dresden for the production of synthetic fuels. The heat generated by the Fischer-Tropsch reaction is used to generate steam that is then split in a particularly efficient high-temperature electrolysis unit to yield hydrogen – an approach that significantly boosts the efficiency of the overall process. It is also worth noting that the steam electrolysis unit is reversible and can be operated as a fuel cell, i.e. if there is an increase in de- mand for electricity, the hydrogen produced previously can be recombined with oxygen to generate electricity. The pilot plant began operating in 2014 and has a capacity of around 1 barrel (159 litres) of fuel per day. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: Fuels for the future using technology from the past MOTIVATION, CHALLENGES, OUTLOOK 25PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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