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same phase, typically in solution. Homogeneous catalysis is used, for exam- ple, in the hydrogenation of CO2 and the dehydrogenation of formic acid. In heterogeneous catalytic systems, the reactants and the catalyst are in dif- ferent phases, with the catalyst typically present in the form of a solid. The advantage of heterogeneous catalysis, is that at the end of the reaction it is easier to separate the catalyst from the reactants and products. Heterogene- ous catalysts are significant factors in the economic success of numerous industrial processes that produce basic chemicals, such as the Haber-Bosch process for synthesising ammonia, or methanol production. Heterogeneous catalysis is also integral to Fischer-Tropsch syntheses. Electrocatalysis is a subset of heterogeneous catalysis in which the electrocatalyst acts to lower the activation energy of electrochemical reactions . In the case electrochemi- cal processes relating to CO2 utilisation, much of the focus of current re- search is on studying the electrolysis of water to generate hydrogen or the joint electrolysis of water and CO2, examining, for example, catalysts that are able to extend the service lives of fuel cells. In photocatalysis, a chemical reaction is initiated through the action of light. Making efficient use of sun- light in order to overcome the relative inertness of CO2 would represent an important breakthrough in the field of chemical energy storage. A coupled system in which hydrogen is generated photocatalytically from water and then reacts with CO2 would correspond to a technical implementation of the natural process of photosynthesis and would enable the direct produc- tion of ‘solar fuels’ or formic acid from renewable sources of energy. How- ever, the field of photocatalysis is still very much an area in which basic research needs to be carried out. The most important objective of the re- search is to significantly improve reaction yields. Another area is that of bio- catalysis in which enzymes or microorganisms (whole cells) are used to con- vert, in this case, CO2 to useful chemical products. A number of microbes are able to metabolise CO2 and transform it into new substances. In order to do this, the microorganisms need energy, sunlight, heat or even electric current. The latter case is an example of microbial electrosynthesis in which re- searchers are attempting to use electroactive microorganisms to produce chemicals, such as acetate, ethanol, butyrate, butanol, acetone or methane. There are also plans to combine green electricity and organisms able to me- tabolise CO2 to produce bioplastics. The ‘BioElectroPlast’ project, which is part of the BMBF-funded research and development programme ‘CO2Plus’, is looking to achieve this very goal. Another area of research aimed at positively influencing the function of ca- talysts, or possibly even replacing them, is that of non-thermal plasmas. A non-thermal plasma is a mixture of particles that contains charged compo- nents (ions and electrons) and in which there are significant differences in the temperatures of the different types of particles. The idea is to study these plasmas so as to identify new synthetic pathways that are more direct than MOTIVATION, CHALLENGES, OUTLOOK 29PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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