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1CO2 UTILIZATION those associated with the ‘usual’ catalytic CO2 hydrogenation mechanism. The idea is that plasma chemistry would facilitate the efficient activation of CO2 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The unusual chemical properties of non-thermal plasmas are due to the high temperature of the electrons in the plasma environment. As plasma-based applications can in- fluence both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems, impacting electrochemistry, photochemistry and radiation chemistry, non-thermal plasmas provide a large number of new avenues for catalyst researchers to explore. As plasma applications require the input of large amounts of ener- gy, renewable sources of energy will be needed if these processes are to be sustainable. 1.1.2.3 Summary The use of carbon dioxide as a chemical feedstock is a broad and varied field in which the combustion product CO2 can be used to manufacture fuels, plastics and construction materials. If CO2 is to be utilised in a meaning- ful way, chemists, engineers and biotechnologists must work together with environmental analysts, economists and policymakers to identify those pathways that are worth exploring, and then conduct the necessary re- search, implement the findings and create the requisite policy and regula- tory framework that will enable CO2 to be incorporated successfully into the value chain. Exploiting the potential of CO2 utilisation to the full will only be possible through a concerted effort by all stakeholders. From a tech- nical and engineering perspective, innovation can boost process efficiency and new catalysts can help to reduce the energy requirements associated with using CO2 as a chemical building block. But the free market also raises barriers to CO2 utilisation, as the relatively low price of fossil-based raw ma- terials currently means that CO2-based products, like plastics and synthetic fuels, will, for the time being at least, remain niche products. If this situa- tion is to change, policymakers will need to create a statutory environment that ensures that processes in which CO2 is used as a chemical feedstock can compete with conventional fossil-based production processes. This could be achieved by adjusting the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and through amendments to the relevant EU directives for raw materials, fuels and waste. Another conceivable approach would be to create incentives, such as tax reductions for CO2 utilisation pathways, that would encourage industry to reduce its consumption of fossil raw materials. If we are to achieve a broader raw materials base for process industries, manufacture the fuels of the future, and construct buildings and roads using carbon-neutral materials, continued investment in research and develop- ment in this field is essential. 30PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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