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1CO2 UTILIZATION DREAMREACTION production process, both of which are of significant interest from an econo- mical and an environmental perspective. This would result in a reduction in the carbon footprint associated with the target compounds when compared with the carbon footprint of established synthetic routes. In 2013, around 16.4 million metric tons of polyurethane was produced from the industrial conversion of polyols with isocyanates. With an annual growth rate of about 5%, polyurethanes are one of the mass products of the global plastics market. Most of the polyols used today are the polyether polyols generated via a ring-opening polymerisation of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide. At present, both of these epoxides are synthesised from fossil resources and their partial substitution by CO2 in polyether polycarbonate polyols would therefore represent a substantial reduction in the consumpti- on of oil-based resources. The main industrial consumers of polyurethanes are the furniture and wood industry (30 %), the construction sector (25%) and the automotive and transport industry (15 %). With an annual production volume of 3.3 million metric tons and a market volume of USD 10 billion, polycarbonates are one of the world’s most im- portant polymer groups. Over the last few years, demand for polycarbonates has grown by 8% annually. The use of significant quantities of CO2 as a C1 synthetic building block (potentially several hundreds of thousands of met- ric tons per year) in this continuously expanding market would send a very clear signal about the use of CO2 as a chemical feedstock for other synthesis reactions. This would enable CO2 to become established as an alternative to conventional C1 building blocks over the long term. The uses of polycarbonates cover a wide range, from automotive cons- truction (e.g. windows, windscreens, headlamps), electrical components and equipment parts (e.g. computer casings, CDs), medical applications (e.g. pharmaceutical capsules, surgical dressings), agricultural applications (e.g. bio- degradable sheeting), packing materials (e.g. bags, packaging fillers, hygiene products) to consumer goods (e.g. bottles). 1.2.3 Results A wide-ranging catalyst screening programme was conducted in the ‘Aliphatic Carbonates’ subproject. The aim of the screening programme was to discover a suitable catalyst system for activating and converting the reac- tion of carbon dioxide with propylene oxide to produce polyether polycar- bonate polyols. At the beginning of the project, a number of homogenous catalysts were already known that enabled the conversion of epoxides with CO2 to generate high molecular weight polycarbonates. However, as these 34PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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