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ECCO2 FUNDED PROJECTS reaction products can be carried out in either a parallel or downstream con- figuration. A differential electrochemical mass spectrometer (DEMS) is a device used for analysing volatile reaction products that arise during elec- trochemical reactions. The high time resolution achievable means that cor- relations with the applied current or the applied voltage can be recorded even at high rates of change. Potentially volatile reaction products are va- porised through a porous Teflon membrane and enter the vacuum system of the mass spectrometer where they are analysed. The small pore size (20 nm) and the hydrophobicity of the membrane ensure that unwanted water and higher boiling components are for the most part retained and do not enter the MS. This project is also the first time that an SFC will be coupled to a DEMS. The design of the SFC will need to be modified to enable coupling and the proposed modifications are shown schematically in Figure 20. The products are evaporated close to the surface and are fed into the MS via a suction tube. The reproducibility and efficiency with which measurements can be per- formed using the SFC enables the numerous products formed from the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to be detected simultaneously and as a function of process parameters such as potential, current or catalyst com- position. This unique measurement system shows enormous promise for improving our understanding and assisting the development of systems de- signed to achieve the electrochemical transformation of CO2. The SFC will also be coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP- MS). In this case, the electrolyte is fed into the ICP-MS from the output port of the SFC. The metal species present in the electrolyte due to the dissolution of the cata- lyst material are analysable down to a detection limit of about 10 ppt and thus provide very important information on catalyst stability. Here, too, the coupling of the SFC to a mass spectrometer ensures that the measurements are performed efficiently and offers a unique opportunity to monitor disso- lution behaviour by recording transient voltage and current profiles at high time resolution. Besides the electrode material itself, the experimental pa- rameters (pH, buffering capacity, temperature, electrolyte ions, current and voltage measurements, etc.) also play an important role in the electrochem- ical reduction of CO2. The experimental setup described above enables these parameters to be varied automatically and very rapidly so that the impact of an individual parameter can be determined to a high level of reproducibility. Initially, one system (e.g. copper) will be examined in detail to improve our understanding of the CO2 reduction process and to identify the optimum con- ditions for a subsequent material screening campaign. Later on in the pro- ject, experiments will be carried out on material libraries. Material libraries are thin-film samples of materials formed using physical vapour deposition 57PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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