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1CO2 UTILIZATION COOBAF 1.7 COOBAF–ChemicalProcesses– Collaborative project: CO2-based acetone fermentation BMBF Project FKZ 033RC1105 Project Coordinator: Dr. Joachim Nitz, Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH Project Partner: Universität Rostock, Universität Ulm 1.7.1 Introduction For many years, the ABE fermentation process, in which acetone, butanol and ethanol are produced by bacterial fermentation, was the second largest biotechnology production process in the world after the fermentation of sugars by yeast to yield ethanol. The ABE process is based on the bacteria Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii. These are gram positive, strictly anaerobic organisms. Wild-type C. acetobutylicum yields acetone, butanol and ethanol in the approximate ratio of 3:6:1. The precise product ratio achievable depends strongly on the fermentation culture or the substrates used. As a result of ever cheaper chemical means of synthe- sising acetone and butanol and increasing substrate prices, the ABE process ceased to be used for commercial purposes. At present, several million metric tons of acetone are produced worldwide each year. Today, acetone is usually produced from propylene and benzene in a petrochemical oxidation process known as the Hock or cumene process. Increasing raw material costs and rising demand has seen the price for ace- tone rise over the last few years to around € 900 per metric ton. But with fossil resources becoming ever scarcer, it is clear that new acetone production pathways need to be developed. In the earlier project ‘Heterol- ogous Acetone Fermentation (HAF)’ (supported by the German Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR) under grant no. 22014807) it was shown that by inserting the genes required for acetone synthesis (adc, ctfA, ctfB and thlA from C. acetobutylicum) the acetogenic bacterium Clostridium aceticum is capable of heterologously expressing acetone (Lederle, 2010: PhD Thesis, Ulm University; Verseck et al., 2007: Patent DE102007052463). This was the first time that acetone had been generated by fermentation with acetogenic bacteria using CO2 as the sole carbon source. Acetogens growing lithoautotrophically under anaerobic conditions make use of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway that leads to acetate production. The pathway 62PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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