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1CO2 UTILIZATION DMEEXCO2 The overall reaction equation for the direct synthetic route depends on the H2/CO ratio and can be represented by the following two limiting cases: H2/CO = 1: 3 CO + 3 H2 àDME + CO2 (4) or for the case H2/CO = 2: 2 CO + 4 H2 àDME + H2O (5) The varying composition of the syngas feedstock with respect to the quan- tities of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide that it contains can be described by an index known as the stoichio-metric number (SN): SN = (H2-CO2)/(CO+CO2) (6) An important part of the project was the continuous sharing of information and ideas between the teams working on catalyst and process development. The objective was not to develop the best catalyst and the best process inde- pendently of one another, but rather to identify the optimum combination of both. This involved regularly sharing knowledge about relevant parame- ters and discussing how they might affect catalyst development and process design respectively. This approach optimised the developmental path taken and allowed each development team to provide efficient and targeted sup- port to the other. Catalyst development was undertaken jointly with hte and BASF. In the light of previous catalyst development work in this field, particular focus was pla- ced on achieving a significant improvement in the long-term stability of the catalyst system without surrendering catalyst activity and selectivity targets. Catalyst development took place in several stages. On the basis of a working hypothesis regarding the chemical functionality required by the catalyst system, a comprehensive high-throughput screening programme was carri- ed out at hte. The screening programme involved iterative variation of both catalyst composition and operating parameters. The result of the screening campaign was a catalyst that met the specified activity and selectivity targets whilst also fulfilling the minimum stability criterion. The catalyst system identified in this way was then fabricated in a variety of technically relevant shapes and subjected to long-term testing. The testing was carried by both BASF and Linde in new test reactors in which the shaped catalysts could be studied. The test data enabled detailed conclusions to be drawn concerning the deactivation mechanism and allowed the catalyst recipe to be adjusted accordingly. The goals of the Linde work package in the first year of the project were to work closely with the Technical University of Munich (TUM) to develop the process design concept for the single-stage DME synthesis (including com- parisons with conventional routes) and to make progress on integrating the 70PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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