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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Since the Industrial Revolution, man has been exploiting the reserves of an- cient ‘stored solar energy’ in the form of fossil fuels such as crude oil, natural gas and coal. The quantities of fossil fuels being used has risen exponentially for many decades and this has resulted in a huge increase in the amounts of fossil-based CO2 released into the atmosphere, which is the main driver of anthropogenic climate change. Today, fossil fuels are still the dominant global primary energy source. However, as fossil fuel reserves and resources become more and more deple- ted, there is a need to replace them with renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. Chemical energy storage systems will continue to play a key role, though the chemical substances that store the energy will now be ‘freshly’ produced using renewable sources of energy. Global investments in wind and solar power now exceed those in conventional power plants. The next major step in the switch to a fully renewables-based energy sector is therefore to find ways of storing and converting these fluctuating renewable energy sources. The long-term vision is to make sustainable use of the storage process in biomass, to create technical systems that reproduce this type of energy storage and to research and develop new forms of energy storage technology. 2.1.1.2 Sector coupling as part of the energy transition The leaders’ declaration from the G7 summit in Elmau and the Paris Climate Accord have produced agreement that the use of fossil fuels and fossil-based raw materials is to be phased out. Germany has set itself some ambitious climate action goals, which includes achieving complete decarbonisation by 2050. This will require increased energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy and greater use of renewable sources of energy, which primarily means the construction and installation of more wind and solar power facilities. This will transform renewable electricity into a primary energy source, but one whose supply – in contrast to fossil-based primary energy resources – will be subject to fluctuations. While action has been taken over the last few decades in the field of power generation, i.e. in accessing, developing and converting renewable sources of energy, too little technological progress has been made in the areas of power networks, energy storage and integration. Comprehensive answers have already been found to many of these questions in the electricity, heating and transport sectors. Technical solutions such as the use of power-to-gas products for long-term energy storage are already available [1, 2]. In the electricity sector, numerous studies have been published that demonstrate the technical feasibility of a complete transformation of 108PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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