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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Figure 53 shows the costs of storing electricity in batteries (lithium ion), pumped hydro, power-to-gas and compressed air systems. The darker coloured regions show the areas in which the corresponding storage tech- nology is currently used. The transparent parts of the curves indicate those areas in which the storage technology is of limited suitability either because of inherent characteristics of the technology, its price or external technical restrictions. The application ranges shown reflect the ranges of the efficiencies, self- discharge rates and the specific costs (€/kW and €/kWh) of the individual technologies. As technical improvements and greater cost-efficiency are to be expected, particularly in the case of battery and power-to-gas systems, the associated curves are projected to shift downward in the coming years. For power-to-gas, the technology used to reconvert gas back into electricity was assumed to be a combined-cycle power plant. Decades of development and use has led to a situation in which pumped hydro- electric storage is still frequently the cheapest means of energy storage across a wide range. In order to ensure that only the costs associated with electricity storage are shown, an electricity purchase price of 0 cent/kWh was assumed. 2.1.3 Storage requirements in the German energy system The energy storage requirements in the German energy system depend on numerous factors. Restricting discussion of energy storage systems to the electricity sector leads to the conclusion that power-to-X (particularly power- to-gas) technology is superfluous to current requirements, as the necessary levels of excess RES electricity will only become available when the propor- tion of RES-E in the electricity mix is 60–80 %, and that the costs are too high compared with alternative technologies. It is also often stated by opponents of grid expansion that power-to-gas technology, which involves converting electric power into gas, transporting the gas via the existing gas infrastruc- ture and then re-converting it to electricity, would make any expansion of the electricity distribution network obsolete. Although technically possible, such a scheme would be uneconomical at present. The energy storage technology power-to-gas will therefore complement but not replace grid expansion. However, as part of the broader family of power-to-X technologies, power- to-gas will contribute to the decarbonisation of numerous industrial sectors (electricity, heat generation, transport and chemicals) and will therefore play a central role in achieving energy transition. It is therefore important that the foundation is laid for the future positive development of PtX techno- 116PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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