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CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE GENERATION RES penetration and fraction of wind and PV Forecasting errors RES Ancillary services provided by RES Throttling feed-in from RES Flexibility of power plant fleet Flexibility of CHP STORAGE REQUIREMENTS logies so that they can be fully exploited when and as required within the burgeoning renewables-based energy system. PtX could also potentially contribute to flexibility, but the flexibility options offered by power plants, networks and load management strategies are cur- rently more cost-effective. However, a number of flexibility options are not progressing as originally forecast. Grid expansion, for example, is facing a lack of public acceptance (see Section 2.1.3.2) and it is therefore becoming more likely that PtX will be deployed earlier than originally expected (see Section 2.1.3.3). Figure 54 illustrates the factors that influence demand for energy storage. It clearly shows that the need for such storage systems does not solely arise when there is a high proportion of renewable energy in the energy mix and that these storage systems can provide many of the ancillary services currently supplied by other players such as power plants. 2.1.3.1 Energy storage systems as a flexibility option Future energy systems with a high proportion of wind and solar electric power will be dependent on accurate generating forecasts. They require flexible technical solutions that enable synchronisation of the generation and consumption of electric power. These flexible technical units are refer- red to as flexibility options and can be divided into the following categories: • Generation (flexible power plants, throttling feed-in) • Consumption (load management) • Energy distribution (networks) • Storage (energy storage systems). Fig. 54: Factors affecting demand for energy storage: Generating large quantities of renewables is not the only factor driving demand for energy storage systems [7]. LOAD TRANSPORT Demand-side management (DSM) Load forecasting errors Grid expansion and conversion European cross-border transmission and balancing 117PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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