Chemical Processes and Use of CO2

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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2 ( chemical-processes-and-use-co2 )

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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Fig. 55: Excess electricity in different scenarios: spatial flexibility (networks) and temporal flexibility (storage) PtG/PtX plays a special role as it can function both as a storage technology and can provide spatial flexibility by transmitting the energy carrier via the gas or fuel distribution infrastructure [7]. Energy storage systems primarily provide temporal flexibility, while ener- gy distribution networks provide spatial flexibility. Energy storage techno- logy and energy distribution networks are therefore clearly distinguishable in terms of functionality. One exception to this is PtX technology, which in addition to providing the necessary temporal flexibility can also be used to compensate for spatial deficiencies. Electricity from a renewable energy source (RES-E) is converted into a chemical energy carrier, say a gas or a fuel, in which the energy is stored. The energy can then be transmitted by trans- porting the chemical via the existing gas or fuel transport infrastructure. When the gas is converted back into electricity, the power-to-gas technolo- gy has provided both temporal flexibility through its function as an energy storage medium, and spatial flexibility through being transported via the gas distribution network. However, compared with grid expansion, PtG techno- logy is still an inferior solution from both a technical and economic perspec- tive grid, and is only superior in terms of public acceptance. The demand for storage technology can be assessed by weighing up all of the flexibility options in terms of technical, economic and/or social suitability factors (acceptance) [7]. Share rew Year Studies 10 % of gross electricity generation (2012) Spatial compensation (Network extension) 118 Temporal Compensation Electricity surplus in Germany in TWh

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