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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Fig. 57: Electrical energy discarded as a result of feed-in management interventions (throttling feed-in from renewable sources) and the resulting compensation payments for RE plant operators in millions of euros per year. (Source: compiled by the authors using data from [19–29]). A number of studies have been performed to simulate and forecast the necessary grid expansion. Figure 56 presents data from these studies and compares grid expansion forecasts with what was actually built up to 2016. The blue curve presents actual additions to the network in kilometres for the years shown. The orange area represents the range of required grid expan- sion as forecast by a number of studies and follow-up studies [9–16]. Although current expansions to the grid exceed the grid size requirement forecast in Grid Study I that was published in 2005 by dena, the German Energy Agency, when the study was published, the increase in renewable energy sources ex- perienced over the last decade had not yet begun. The follow-up Grid Study II in 2010 from dena identified a significantly higher demand for new power networks. The extension of 531 km that has been added to the German elec- tricity grid since 2008 is significantly less than projected demand for roughly an extra 3000 km. The expected continued stagnation in grid expansion work, in part due to the low level of public acceptance (there are currently more than 150 ac- tion committees fighting planned grid extensions in Germany), is a further factor jeopardising attainment of Germany’s stated climate goals. The idea of slowing growth in renewable energy production while grid expansion is delayed, as is proposed in the 2017 revision of the German Renewable En- ergy Sources Act [17, 18], is not a particularly constructive approach. A better strategy would be to initiate alternatives to grid expansion that make use of flexibility options that enjoy greater public acceptance, such as PtX technol- ogy, as this would allow production of renewable energy to continue at the required level. Only this type of approach will ensure that adequate quanti- Year 120 Failure work due to feed-in management in GWh Compensation payments for feed-in management in million eurosPDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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