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relevance in this regard is its use in sector coupling. The potential of PtX systems has been evaluated for the electricity, transport and chemicals sec- tors in a study led by FENES for the think tank Agora Energiewende (‘Elec- tricity storage technologies in Germany’s energy transition’ [30] based on the study by the Federal Environmental Agency UBA ‘A greenhouse gas-neutral Germany in 2050’ [31]) with projections based on a progressive and on a conservative estimate of future development. The study commissioned by Greenpeace Energy ‘Significance and Necessity of Wind-Gas for the Energy Transition in Germany’ [8] provides estimates of the potential importance of power-to-gas systems primarily for the electricity sector. PtX is, in principle, competing with the use of biomass as a source of energy and material. Given the competition to use arable land to grow food and animal feed, there is only limited potential to cultivate biomass for energy recovery. In most scenarios, biomass is predominantly used as a renewable source of raw materials. When used as a construction material, cultivated biomass reduces demand for cement and iron. Only waste biomass is used for energy generation [32, 33]. 2.1.4.1 Potential uses in the electricity sector The demand for and deployment of PtX technology – particularly power- to-gas – for storing electrical energy depends upon the available quanti- ties of excess energy from renewable sources (see Section 2.1.3). In order to estimate the maximum demand for power-to-gas in an energy system fed entirely by renewable sources, a scenario is modelled in [8] in which there are no other flexibility options other than PtX. According to the calculated projections, 130 TWh of excess electricity from renewable sources will be generated in 2050 and this energy will need to be integrated into the elec- tricity sector. The electricity generating plants will be operated exclusively with this excess energy and not with dedicated power-to-gas facilities. The utilisation of these PtG facilities will therefore be a moderate 134 GW. It is estimated that 66 GW of power will be required by gas-fired power plants to reconvert the gas to electricity. This can be regarded as the worst-case scenario should the expansion of all alternative flexibility options not progress as forecast. Even if the future ex- pansion of PtG technology is less extreme than discussed above, results show that over the medium to long term large amounts of power and storage capacity will need to be provided by flexibility options. Over the long term, PtG reduces the overall costs of the electricity system and is essential for the ‘100% renewable’ goal, which will be simply unattain- able without sector coupling via PtG [8]. CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE 123PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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