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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Fig. 60: Hydrogen is the starting point for a great many of the raw materials used in industry today. (Source: compiled by the authors) Other studies, that allow PtG to compete with other flexibility options also identify the need for PtG or other long-term storage technologies in 2050. If grid expansion were to proceed at the projected required rate, and if a variety of flexibility options are used, the demand for long-term storage solutions sinks to 8–16 GW depending on the assumptions made. While this level of demand is significantly below the worst-case scenario in [8], it is still far from negligible and remains highly relevant for forward planning strategies for the energy system. 2.1.4.2 Potential uses in the heating sector The energy requirements in the heating sector can be reduced by impro- ved energy efficiency (particularly by improving the energy efficiency of buildings and by raising efficiency standards) and can be met primarily through the use of electrical heat pumps. The potential benefits of coupling the sectors electricity and heating (‘power-to-heat’) are described in detail in a number of publications, including ‘Interaction between RES electricity, heating and transport’ [5], which was issued by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. These benefits are not discussed further in the present analysis as the focus here is on the use of PtX processes in the electricity and chemical sectors. Coupling between the electricity and heating sectors offers considerable potential for the optimisation of heating networks, CHP plants, industrial processes and the supply of heating and cooling energy in buildings. 2.1.4.3 Potential uses in the transport sector Electricity can be used in the transport sector either directly to power elec- tric vehicles (‘e-mobility’) or indirectly by converting it via PtX into fuels that H2 • Formaldehyde • Acetic acid • Pure biofuel • Petrol additives • Dimethylether (DME) CO/CO2 • Waxes • Naphtha • Petrol • Diesel • Kerosene CO/CO2 • Ethylene • Pure biofuel CO/CO2 N2 • Urea • Fertiliser • Nitric acid • Chemicals Fischer-Tropf products Ethanol Methanol Ammonia Other chemicals • Fine chemicals • Hydroformylation • ... 124PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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