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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2

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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2 ( chemical-processes-and-use-co2 )

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This multiple interlinking of sources and consumers via networks, converter technologies and storage systems will be added to in future by novel tech- nologies that are currently unknown or undeveloped. One possible option for energy generation is the production of fuels and raw materials on ‘green ships’ that makes use of a combination of wind power, wave power and PtX. This would allow the large quantities of unused sources of renewable ener- gy available on the open sea to be converted into easily transported energy carriers that can be exploited by means of the existing hydrocarbon infra- structure and processing technologies. Unconventional approaches of this type also have the advantage that they avoid the public acceptance problems associated with land-based energy generation and transport, as they have little effect on the landscape and do not compete with land use for cultivat- ing food or animal feedstuffs. 2.1.5.2 Necessary realignment of energy policy Of the three elements ‘generation’, ‘distribution/conversion/storage’ and ‘consumption’, the focus of energy policy has so far been on power gener- ation. As renewable energy becomes an increasingly significant part of the energy mix, so too does the importance of distribution networks and storage systems and therefore the relevance of sector coupling via PtX. Policy deci- sions need to be made now to set a course that will ensure the future long- term viability of the energy system. In addition to expanding the electricity distribution network (grid), it therefore seems expedient to develop and en- hance inter-sector coupling and PtX technologies. Using the existing transport and storage infrastructure saves costs, as only the power-to-X technology for storing and converting renewable electricity (power-to-heat, power-to-gas, etc.) needs to be developed. This approach is suitable for gas, heating and transport fuels. Sector coupling requires the use of energy storage technology and is an important backup to grid expansion. As sector coupling means that the distribution networks for electricity, gas, heating and fuels will complement one another and interact in a synergistic fashion, it is important that future planning work is carried out jointly and collaboratively. The structure of the surcharge and subsidy system currently used to finance the energy transition in Germany also needs to be reformed. The following rules and constraints make the construction, installation and operation of PtX (particularly power-to-gas) facilities uneconomical: • Exemption from network charges only when feeding into the grid • Exemptionfromenergytaxonlyforcompaniesinthemanufacturingsector CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE 129

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