Chemical Processes and Use of CO2

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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2 ( chemical-processes-and-use-co2 )

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renewable energy. At the EU level, the legislation cover the CO2 emission limits for vehicle fleets, the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and the Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), which is transposed into German law as an Ordinan- ce for the Implementation of the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchV). As production costs for renewable electricity in Germany are higher than in other countries and as these costs are very strongly affected by state-levied surcharges, the installation and operation of a PtX facility in Germany is cur- rently uneconomical. Over the medium term it seems more likely that the stipulated national quotas and climate targets in the transport sector will be met by imports of renewable PtX products. There are sites around the world at which renewable electricity can be generated from wind, solar, hydro and geothermal power for between € 0.02 and € 0.03 per kWh. The production of PtX products is correspondingly cheap. The associated process engineering and technology is, however, highly complex, but represents an economic op- portunity for an engineering nation like Germany. Nevertheless, to be able to exploit the export potential offered by PtX tech- nology, it first needs to be established in the domestic market. This can be achieved by continuing to build national demonstration projects in areas where grid bottlenecks arise. These PtX systems could be operated in the German electricity sector when electricity prices are low or negative and could be used in redispatch interventions to eliminate bottlenecks. This would enable the surcharges incurred to be compensated by grid operations. While this would be a practicable and economically viable approach, it does not eliminate the need over the medium to long term to reform the sur- charge system being used to subsidise Germany’s energy transition. Source: [1] M. Specht, M. Sterner, B. Stuermer, V. Frick und B. Hahn: Renewable Power Methane – Stromspeicherung durch Kopplung von Strom- und Gasnetz – Wind/PV-to-SNG, Germany 10 2009 018 126.1. [2] M. Sterner, “Limiting global warming by transforming energy systems,” Dissertation, Universität Kassel, Kassel, 2009 [3] Nitsch et al., “Leitstudie 2011: Langfristszenarien und Strategien für den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland bei Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung in Europa und global,” DLR; IWES; IfnE, Berlin, 2012 [4] UBA, Energieziel 2050: 100 % Strom aus erneuerbaren Quellen: Vorabdruck für die Bundespressekonferenz am 7. Juli 2010: Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin; ZLB. Senatsbibliothek, 2010. [5] Norman Gerhardt, Fabian Sandau, Angela Scholz, Henning Hahn, Patrick Schumacher, Christina Sager, Fabian Bergk, Claudia Kämper, Wolfram Knörr, Jan Kräck, Udo Lam- brecht, “Interaktion EE-Strom, Wärme und Verkehr: Analyse der Interaktion zwischen den Sektoren Strom, Wärme/Kälte und Verkehr in Deutschland in Hinblick auf steigen- de Anteile fluktuierender Erneuerbarer Energien im Strombereich unter Berücksichti- gung der europäischen Entwicklung,” Ableitung von optimalen strukturellen Entwick- lungspfaden für den Verkehrs- und Wärmesektor, Fraunhofer IWES, Kassel, 2015. [6] M. Pehnt, M. Sterner, N. Gerhardt und U. Lambrecht, “Fahrplan Energiewende,” IFEU, Fraunhofer IBP, OTH Regensburg, 2012. [7] M. Sterner und I. Stadler, Energiespeicher: Bedarf, Technologien, Integration. Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer Vieweg, 2014. CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE 131

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