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2 CHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE HYCATS description of a parent system using theoretical chemical models in order to identify and understand the actual reaction steps occurring. The models were calibrated and verified by determining activity data and the physicochemical parameters of the photocatalysts, such as the lifetimes of the excited states af- ter light absorption, band-edge potentials, etc. The chemical modelling work supported the development of the system for industrial use by enabling ratio- nal design of the co-catalysts and aspects such as particle size. This meant that the values of the parameters could be restricted for the subsequent develop- ment work (parallel syntheses) and optimisation strategy (genetic algorithms). To optimise the way that these new photocatalysts are used, reactor con- cepts had to be adjusted and assessed in terms of their economic feasibility. A new solar reactor had to be designed that would offer improved productivity by taking moderately concentrated sunlight and irradiating the photocata- lysts with a radiation density that was as uniformly distributed as possible. The guiding principle behind all of the material development and reactor design work was the scalability that would ensure future industrial-scale implementation of the technology. 2.7.3 Results Different methods of synthesising semiconductors and their effect on phys- ical properties such as the BET surface area and phase purity were examined. The semiconductor synthesis enabled the research team to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing photocatalytic activity. During the HyCats project numerous tantalum and niobium compounds were synthesised and characterised, such as the phosphates and nitrides that are of potential interest for other applications like catalysing organic reactions, use as pigments and electroceramics. The results and experience acquired during this work can now be used in other research projects exam- ining new applications of tantalum and niobium compounds. Within the HyCats project, the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen pro- duction was improved significantly. The highest reproducible hydrogen pro- duction rates were about 40 μmol/h at radiation wavelengths above 420 nm, which were measured for a C-modified titanium oxide and for a tin niobate. However, the photocatalytic systems identified so far are still not economi- cally viable. However, the collaborative interaction between teams involved in basic research, applied research and industry resulted in the development of a toolbox that will enable further rapid development of photo-electro- chemical hydrogen production systems and facilitate the future cost-effi- 174PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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