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Germany, though globally it is seen as an important climate protection fac- tor (IEA, see [1]). The technologies used for the capture and storage of carbon dioxide are generally referred to by the abbreviation CCS, which stands for ‘carbon capture and storage’ or ‘carbon capture and sequestration’). The ab- breviation CCU refers to carbon capture and utilisation, which is the entire process chain comprising the separation or capture of the CO2, compression of the gas under high pressure so that it can be transported economically, and finally, utilisation as a feedstock for the production of methane, met- hanol or other carbon-containing chemicals. Technologies within the CCU portfolio include Power-to-X (P2X) technologies in which available excess electric power drives electrolytic processes whose products are combined with captured CO2 to synthesise new products. This is illustrated graphical- ly in Figure 1. If the focus is on carbon capture (shown in the upper left of the figure), the figure can be thought of as representing the CCU chain. If the focus is on the use of excess electricity (see lower left), then the figure can be seen as representing the various P2X technologies, such as P2G (Pow- er-to-Gas), P2F (Power-to-Fuel) and P2C (Power-to-Chemicals). Another P2X technology, Power-to-Heat, will not be considered further here as it does not involve the utilisation of CO2. At the core of all of these process chains is the carbon capture stage, which will be described in more detail in what follows. The reader is also referred to the literature for further information (see Refs. [1], [2] and [3]). 3.1.2 Classification and use of the different carbon capture technologies 3.1.2.1 Classification of carbon capture methods A number of different physicochemical processes can be used to separate carbon dioxide from an industrial flue gas or exhaust gas stream: CARBON CAPTURE Nutzung von CO2 aus Abscheidung Rauchgas CO2 Methanisierung CH4 P2G CO2- Abtrennung Methanolsynthese CH4OH P2F Wasser Elektrolyse H2 Nutzung von Überschussstrom aus EE Synthese von Chemikalien Ammoniak Harnstoff P2C Fig. 76: CCU and P2X technologies 179PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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