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INNOVA2 FUNDED PROJECTS transitions are accompanied by large heat flows at (approximately) constant temperature. The equipment and plant subsystems used in heat integration schemes need to operate particularly reliably, as they fulfil two functions simultaneously: withdrawing heat from the hot stream and delivering heat to the cold stream. In addition, the equipment used has to be competitively priced in terms of both initial investment and operating costs. Companies operating production facilities therefore tend to be somewhat cautious about introducing new equipment designs if these are untested or have been insufficiently tested, as this poses potential technological risks for two pro- cess functions. Innovative equipment designs with the potential to meet the heat exchange characteristics described above, i.e. stable heat transfer driven at small tem- perature differences, are now commercially available, but as these designs are relatively new, there are correspondingly few reference applications, if any, currently available. This lack of reference applications and the absence of publicly available guidance on designing and dimensioning such systems has made it harder for this innovative technology to gain access to the rele- vant markets. Two such innovative heat exchanger designs, operating both as evaporators and condensers, were studied in detail in the collaborative project InnovA2. The two designs, finned tubes and pillow plates, are illus- trated in Figure 88. The project also examined the concept of a multi-stream condenser for separate heat withdrawal, condensation and subcooling of a vapour stream. Multi-stream condensers offer exergetically efficient con- densation through careful control of the temperature of the coolant. Finned tubing is used in numerous HVAC applications, but is nearly always made from copper or a corresponding alloy. Most equipment in the process industry, however, is manufactured from carbon steel or stainless steel. When the InnovA2 project began, the publicly accessible scientific literature con- tained neither performance data nor design principles for these components when manufactured from steel. The same applied to the use of pillow plate devices as natural circulation evaporators, also known as natural convection evaporators. Natural circulation evaporators are particularly cost-effective, as they combine low specific investment costs [€/m2] with minimal operating costs. There was some published work on modelling pillow plate devices as condensers, but this work was based on a very restricted set of data. 3.4.2 Project description The objectives of the InnovA2 project regarding innovative heat exchanger designs are set out below: 211PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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