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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2

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Chemical Processes and Use of CO2 ( chemical-processes-and-use-co2 )

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3 ENERGY-EFFICIENT PROCESSES ABWÄRME Absorption chillers (ACs) consist of the same components as heat transform- ers, but work at lower temperature levels. High-temperature waste heat is fed into the system in order to generate process cooling. There are already a num- ber of systems available with power ratings in the range 10 kW to 1 MW that are mostly used for air-conditioning in buildings [4]. Despite these applica- tions, the technology is still far from well established in the market. In addi- tion, these air-conditioning systems also operate almost exclusively with the refrigerant-absorbent pair LiBr–H2O, and the associated corrosion problems can only really be alleviated by the addition of toxic corrosion inhibitors. However, the international climate conference agreements on reducing CO2 emissions has given rise to a new situation that could well lead to a renais- sance in absorption cycle technology. Research carried out a few years ago produced a number of alternative absorbent-refrigerant pairs in which the absorbents were ionic liquids [5]. The suitability in principle of these novel pairs of working fluids for use in absorption cycles was demonstrated exper- imentally shortly before the present project began [6]. At room temperature, ionic liquids are liquid salts without any appreciable vapour pressure and whose properties can be varied over a wide range simply by the choice of cation and anion. With regard to operational safety, reliability and cost-ef- ficiency, ionic liquids are opening up new perspectives in the field of heat transfer technology. 3.5.2 Project description The overall goal of this collaborative project was to develop energy-efficient absorption cycles with power ratings of 10 MW or greater by using novel refrigerant-absorbent pairs to transform waste heat into heat at a higher temperature that can then be usefully exploited. Although not originally planned, the main focus of the study was on absorption heat transformers and less on absorption chillers, as at the beginning of the project there was no published work on the use of ionic-liquid-based alternative refrigerant-ab- sorbent pairs in absorption heat transformers. The aim was to identify sui- table pairs of working fluids for use in systems with operating temperatures up to 160 °C, to characterise their thermophysical properties and to subject them to laboratory testing. One of the main areas of focus during the project was on developing new equipment design concepts that are compatible wi- th the new refrigerant-absorbent pairs and are suitable for transferring large quantities of heat. Finally, the project sought to set out some of the import- ant principles underlying the design and dimensioning of heat transformers and to provide an example of an overall assessment of a typical system. The project involved a very broad range of studies that were carried out in close collaboration between the project partners. 218

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