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LICIL FUNDED PROJECTS 3.8 LICIL – Methods for Extracting Lignin, Cellulose and Hemicellulose with the Aid of Novel Ionic Liquids BMBF Project FKZ 033RC1112 Project Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Willi Kantlehner, Hochschule Aalen Project Partner: Hochschule Aalen, Universität Hamburg, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, J. Rettenmeier & Söhne GmbH + Co KG, Rampf Eco Solutions GmbH & Co KG, Fa. Jelu (assoziierter Partner ohne BMBF Zuwendung), Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Technische Chemie (assoziierter Partner ohne BMBF Zuwendung) 3.8.1 Introduction Cellulose was already being manufactured from wood in the 19th centu- ry. In the sulfite process, which was developed by Tilghman in the USA and by A. Mitscherlich in Germany, debarked wood is pulped by cooking it in a calcium sulfite solution that contains excess sulfur dioxide for a period of 7–25 hours at a temperature in the range 115–150 °C and at a pressure of between 3 bar and 7 bar. The hemicellulose and the lignin are dissolved as lignin sulfonates. In the sulfate process (also known as the kraft process), which was invented by the chemist Carl Dahl, pulping is carried out by cook- ing the wood chips in solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide at 150–180 °C and 7–10 bar for a period of three to six hours. In both processes, the resulting wood pulp contains the undissolved cellulose. At the end of the process, the cooking liquors can be processed to recover lignin deriva- tives, which despite being frequently referred to as ‘lignin’ are in fact degrad- ed lignins [e.g. lignin sulfonic acids (in the sulfite process) or lignin sulfides and hydrogen sulfides (in the kraft process)]. But only a small fraction of the pulping liquors are processed to recover ‘lignin’ for recycling. Most of the pulping liquor is evaporated to dryness and combusted for energy recovery. An observation originally made a long time ago and clearly overlooked was that cellulose dissolves in low-melting ammonium salts [1] and it was this finding that provided the impetus to examine the solubility of cellulose in ionic liquids [2]. In related work, studies were also conducted to investigate the extent to which lignocelluloses [3, 9] and lignin [3, 7, 9] dissolve in ionic liquids (ILs). Summaries of studies of this type have been published [3–11]. The acidic IL [C4C1 im] H2SO4 almost completely dissolves the hemicellulose (approx. 24%) and lignin (approx. 28%) from Miscanthus within 22 hours at 120 °C [3]. It was also possible to extract lignin and hemicellulose almost completely from willow and pine wood [3]. A pilot project was initiated in 235PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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