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INREFF FUNDED PROJECTS col, 2004). Standardised LCA databases such as ecoinvent4 provide generic datasets that cover such common elements as the supply and disposal of materials, the provision of fuels for heating or transport processes. Computer-aided process engineering (CAPE) provides an integrated plat- form of IT tools that are frequently used during the process design and pro- cess development phases (see, for instance, Beßling, Lohe, Schoenmakers, Scholl & Staatz, 1997). A central element of CAPE is flow sheet simulation. Thermodynamic calculations are used to compile consistent mass and en- ergy balances that can be used to estimate costs and to assist process meas- urement and control tasks. One of the most important prerequisites for the integration of CAPE tools is a simple-to-use and generally accepted user in- terface that facilitates the transfer of data to other resource efficiency appli- cations. Heat integration methods are used to identify potential energy savings by linking heat sources and heat sinks within a production system. A well- known approach to heat integration is pinch analysis (see e.g. Linnhoff & Hindmarsh, 1983). Heating and cooling are both energy-intensive process- es whose efficiency can be significantly improved through heat integration. Measures of this kind can help to reduce the climate impact and fossil-fuel requirements of industrial processes. Material flow cost accounting (MFCA) as described in ISO 14051 (2011) is based on energy and material flow analyses and enables a transparent rep- resentation of the costs caused by inefficiencies and material losses. The pur- chase price of ‘lost’ material, the process and energy costs incurred up to the point when the loss occurs, and the loss-related write-off for plants and equipment are assigned to the waste streams. In material flow cost account- ing, these costs represent the starting point for identifying potential savings by reducing or avoiding waste streams and material losses. The overall assessment of all the measures taken is carried out using the process and performance indicators specified in the scope of the analysis. Once this has been done, simulation-based optimisation can be carried out in order to determine the best possible combination of parameters or meas- ures that will ensure a more resource-efficient production process. The re- source-efficiency analysis concludes with the implementation of the meas- ures and a subsequent performance review, which themselves represent the starting point for a continuous improvement strategy for existing or planned production processes or production sites. 265PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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