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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE The questions that need to be addressed when undertaking carbon account- ing for CCU technologies are somewhat more complex. These questions can be formulated as we proceed along the cradle-to-grave chain: 4.2.1 Where does the CO2 come from? The simplest case in carbon accounting terms, but by far the most expensive approach in economic terms, is that in which the CO2 is extracted like any oth- er natural resource from the environment (here, the atmosphere). But ques- tions immediately arise: Does this removal from the atmosphere represent a sink? Should this be modelled right from the start as a ‘negative emission’? A more economical approach would be to make use of a gas that has already been collected and that contains a higher concentration of CO2. However, this raises even more questions. What process does the gas come from? How should the gas collection step be accounted for, i.e. where does one draw the boundary between the preceding system that generated the CO2 and that in which the CO2 is utilised? What was the source of the CO2, was it of biologi- cal, fossil or mineral origin? How would the source of the CO2 influence the product being synthesised from it? This last question is directly related to the third block of questions (see below). 4.2.2 What needs to be taken into account when modelling the chemical synthesis stage? Here too the question of how best to delineate the process that utilises the CO2 from the preceding CO2-supply process is paramount. The issue of de- lineation may be closely related to the process chain associated with chem- ical synthesis, so that the boundaries need to be precisely defined and jus- tified. The key questions here are: At what stage does the system boundary for the CCU process begin and what criteria are used in deciding where the boundary is located? When is it necessary for the system boundaries to en- compass the CO2-supply process, i.e. the entire upstream CO2 chain? Additional synthesis-related questions focus on the other important com- ponent used to create a ‘renewable’ product from the CO2: the provision of electricity to generate hydrogen by hydrolysis. The entire concept is based on the assumption not only that this electricity is from a renewable source, but that it is excess electric power not drawn from the general supply grid. RES electricity cannot be associated with the chemical synthesis stage unless this assumption is made. The hydrogen can, admittedly, be supplied from other sources (e.g. low calorific value (LCV) gas). In such cases, the origin and any necessary incorporation of upstream processes need to be carried out in a manner analogous to that described above for CO2. 282PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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