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It is clear from the above that the group of accepted rules for creating carbon footprints is not sufficient to provide answers to the specific questions raised in Section 2 regarding the creation of LCI datasets for production systems involving CO2 utilisation. The following section therefore analyses a number of other potentially suitable proposals. 4.3.3 Suggestions from academic sources Of the methodological problems raised in Section 2, there is still no generally accepted approach to answering the following questions: • What criteria should be used to define the boundary to upstream processes that supply CO2? • What approach should be used to deal with co-production (multifunctional) scenarios? • What steps should be taken when analysing coupled processes, such as those in open-loop or closed-loop recycling systems. • Under what conditions may RES electricity be taken into account when computing GHG emissions? • How should the temporary storage of carbon be handled in long-life products? To address these issues, the following publications were analysed: JRC (2016) – a working paper from the Joint Research Centre that examines the GHG intensities of novel fuels within the RED framework; JRC (2010) – Guidance on the ILCD Handbook; and papers by von der Assen et al. (2013, 2013a). 4.3.3.1 Joint Research Centre (JRC ) The decision to incorporate PtX products as advanced transport fuels within the regulatory scope of the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) and the Fuel Quality Directive 2009/30/EC (see 4.3.1.1) means that the annexes to the RED and the FQD must also now include methodological rules for these new production pathways. The JRC has published some initial proposals for discussion among experts. Of those core questions of relevance in the pres- ent report, the JRC has addressed: • the origin of the CO2 • permanent storage • the question of if and how electricity used as the energy source for trans- port fuels should be incorporated in calculating GHG intensities. METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE 291PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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