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whether and to what extent the upstream process (blast furnace or biomass cultivation and use) should be incorporated. According to the JRC, an average national or European electricity mix should be used when assessing GHG emissions. The possibility of including renew- able electricity in the assessment depends, according to the JRC, on the EU Commission issuing binding specifications in this regard, which are expect- ed by the end of 2017. 4.3.3.2 ILCD Handbook The ILCD Handbook (JRC 2010), which was compiled by the JRC on behalf of the EU Commission, is an oft-cited reference for detailed methodological questions about implementing LCAs in both a European and broader inter- national context. It provides practical guidance for conducting LCAs and es- tablishes a foundation for ensuring the quality and consistency of life cycle inventory data, methods and analyses and aims to promote methodological convergence. With respect to GHG accounting in systems in which CO2 is utilised, the ILCD Handbook is of particular value for the information it provides on drawing system boundaries, on incorporating removals and on dealing with biogenic carbon. According to the ILCD Handbook, characterisation factors for the impact assessment are assigned to removals and emissions alike. This means that the uptake of CO2 should be incorporated in the accounting process as a negative emission. The uptake of CO2 by plants is included in the LCI as ‘re- sources from air’. Even though not mentioned explicitly, it seems reasonable to adopt an analogous approach for direct CO2 capture from ambient air. To ensure methodological clarity and ease of communication, the release of CO2 and CH4 from biological sources should be treated separately. The ILCD Handbook also addresses how the sort of temporary CO2 storage that may arise through CO2 utilisation can be included in carbon account- ing procedures. The standard approach is defined as the conventional anal- ysis based on GWP and a fixed time horizon. Temporary carbon storage is only considered quantitatively if this is explicitly required by the specified goal of the LCA study. In such cases, a delayed emission correction of 0.01 kg CO2 is assumed for every kilogram of stored CO2 per year. For example, if 1 kg of CO2 is bound in a plastic material and if this material is burned in an waste incinerator 20 years later releasing the CO2, then the carbon emissions should be reduced by 0.2 kg of CO2 (1 kg CO2 x 20 yr x 0.01/yr). Electricity Temporary CO2 storage METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Accounting procedures for carbon removals and bio- genic sources of carbon Temporary CO2 storage 293PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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