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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Fig. 125: Limiting the system boundary to the cradle-to-gate phase, when the use phases and end-of-life phases of the systems being compared are identical (from von der Assen et al. (2013a)) 4.4.3 Utilisation The use phase of a CCU product represents the third large complex of ques- tions that need to be examined when establishing a carbon footprint ac- counting methodology. This phase includes both the service life and the end-of-life stage of the CCU product, which in the case of a fuel are one and the same thing. When an individual product (e.g. a car’s centre console manufactured from a special plastic) is being assessed, the complexity of the assessment reflects the complexity of the product’s function. However, when alternative prod- ucts are compared, the use phase is frequently ignored. Exceptions can arise if, using the example of the automobile console mentioned above, the life cycle of the vehicle is explicitly included in the LCA goal, and a more light- weight console would affect the calculation of fuel consumption. Similar arguments apply at the end of the product’s life, where the typical end-of-life options (reconditioning/reuse, material recycling, combustion) are assumed to lead to the same carbon inventory result irrespective of whether the plastic used comes from a conventional production source or from a CCU process. It is therefore common practice to position the system boundary at that point at which a functionally identical reference product exists to enable meaningful comparisons to be made. This is illustrated in Figure 15, which is from the tutorial review presented by von der Assen (2013a). The ‘gate- to-grave’ phase is identical for methanol from ‘traditional’ (i.e. fossil-based) production and for CCU-based methanol. The system boundary can there- fore be limited to the processes in the ‘cradle-to-gate’ phase. gate-to-grave ...... cradle-to-gas system boundaries Natural gas extraction Syngas production Traditional methanol production Electricity from wind turbines H2 from water electrolysis Methanol production from H2 and CO2 CO2 source CO2 capture cradle-to-grave 314 Formaldehyde production Plywood productionPDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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