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nario, an LCA or GHG inventory would consider the environmental impact of the emissions not for the politically mandated time horizon of 100 years, but also, in part, for 110 years. Within the CCU context, this means that the removal of CO2 and its lat- er release cancel each other out as a result of time-independent character- isation factors. The temporary storage of the CO2 has no effect on the final carbon inventory. A delayed emission does not have a positive effect, as the same 100-year time horizon is always assumed. A number of researchers have therefore developed methods that allow delayed emissions of CO2 to be taken into account. Thus far, however, it has not proved possible to find a consensus regarding the methodology to be used. This is in part due to the continuing debate as to whether the temporary storage of CO2 has any posi- tive impact whatsoever, as discussed by Brandão et al. in several publications (Brandão et al. 2012). Taking delayed emission into account is not restricted to CCU scenarios and is of relevance within a broader context. Essentially, the problem arises with all bio-based products, but also with attempts to compute carbon footprints for reforestation projects, as the carbon sequestration does not occur in a single year but over a much longer period of time. Using delayed CO2 emissions as the basis for assessing the effects of tempo- rary carbon storage means that the time when CO2 is actually released from all of the upstream and downstream processes must be known if consistent carbon emissions accounting is to be performed. In many cases, however, this requirement cannot be met. For CCU products, storage duration is primarily determined by product li- fetime. For the majority of CCU product groups, product lifetimes tend to be rather short. Products with short lifetimes include transport fuels or the CO2 used for car- bonated products in the beverage industry. The lifetimes of consumables, such as plastic products, are in most cases limited to less than ten years. The storage of CO2 in CCU products differs from that in carbon capture and sequestration/storage because of the significantly longer storage periods involved in CCS schemes. Even CCS schemes cannot guarantee permanent loss-free storage, but sequestration times are typically measured in thous- ands of years, whereas temporary carbon storage in CCU products is mostly a matter of years or, in some cases, a few decades. Difference between CCU and CCS METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE 317PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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