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4 METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE Recommended action Fig. 127: Possible approaches to dealing with temporary storage of CO2 Product In view of the fact that temporary CO2 storage in CCU products remains a highly contentious issue, and given (I) the lack of a consensus on methodo- logy, (II) the typically short storage periods involved, (III) the common lack of any temporal GHG emission profiles and (IV) the fact that numerous stan- dards (see Section 3, particularly the GHG Protocol and the ILCD Handbook) discuss the issue but choose to retain the conventional approach, we recom- mend the continued use of the established GWP100 characterisation factor in carbon accounting schemes for CCU systems. Temporary storage of CO2 should, though, be examined separately in those cases in which a compara- tively long storage period is expected (e.g. more than 50 years). Short-term life time (Fuels) Limited life time (Commodity) Long-term storage (CCS) Partially crediting x (100 minus life time) Sink Life time 50 years Complete crediting GWP 100 100 years CCS of fossil-based CO2 = ‘zero net emissions’ – not a real carbon sink In the previous section we discussed the issue of permanent carbon storage (CCS). But how does CCS actually effect the carbon footprint? Including a carbon sink in the CO2 accounting scheme must always be considered in conjunction with the CO2 source. The key element is to ensure that the car- bon accounting is internally consistent; real emissions must never be de- fined in such a way that they are no longer within the system boundary and emission reductions must never be counted twice. With respect to the op- tions presented in Section 4.4.1, carbon sequestration can be treated using the approaches set out below. We start by sketching out the approach adopted when dealing with Options 1, 2a, 3 and 5: Option 1: CO2 is captured from the ambient air, which generates a negative emission at the beginning of the accounting chain that is retained at the end and is assigned to the CCU process. In Options 2a and 3, the fossil-based CO2 is received ‘burden-free’ from the upstream process and the final fossil CO2 emission remains within the 4.4.3.3 When does a carbon sink occur? 318PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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