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Natural gas: 0.60 kg Power plant (Natural gas) Gasoline combustion CO2: 1.64 kg Sum CO2 3.42 kg CO2: 0.30 kg Gasoline production CO2: 1.48 kg 13.4 MJ Energy, electrical 20.0 MJ Energy, thermic Gasoline: 0.47 kg METHODOLOGICAL GUIDANCE a calorific value of only 20 MJ/kg compared to about 40 MJ/kg for petrol, twice as much methanol needs to be produced. In this example, the hydro- gen required for the synthesis is generated by electrolysing water in a pro- cess powered by electricity from a renewable (solar/wind/hydro) source that does not introduce any additional CO2 burden. The electrical and thermal energy needed for the other conversion processes is supplied by a gas-fired CHP plant. Direct comparison of these two systems, which produce the same beneficial outputs (i.e. generate the same quantities of electrical and thermal energy), shows that secondary utilisation of the CO2 in a product can lead to a reduc- tion in overall emissions (2.2 kg CO2-eq. vs 3.4 kg CO2-eq.). It also demon- strates that examining the entire life cycle enables unambiguous conclu- sions to be drawn regarding the advantages or disadvantages of a particular production system. Nevertheless, the question of how to allocate emissions among the different processes still arises. This will now be done on the basis of the methods presented and discussed earlier: 1. The concept of the ‘recycled portion’ allocates the burdens from primary energy, raw material extraction etc. to the primary product, whereas the environmental costs of collecting and treating waste are assigned to the secondary product (Guinée, Heijungs, & Huppes, 2004). Theoretically sep- arating electricity generation and CO2 capture shows that GHG emissions of 1.6 kg CO2-eq. are associated with the production of 13.4 MJ of electri- cal energy without carbon capture. If CO2 is captured, this value increas- es to 1.9 kg CO2-eq. for the production of the same amount of electricity. Fig. 130: Sankey diagram of a scenario in which thermal and electrical energy are generated in separate processes 321PDF Image | Chemical Processes and Use of CO2
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